3.1. Weather Patterns
The ICANTABR27 wind data analyzed with the WindRose PRO3 software are illustrated in
Figure 4 and
Figure 5.
The two figures show that during the morning period the prevailing wind blows from the arc SSW-W, while during the afternoon period it blows from NE. This variation implies a prevailing thermal regime over the Santander bay with land breeze during the morning and sea breeze during the afternoon. On the other hand, the westerly wind, clearly of synoptic origin, remains almost constant, in terms of relative frequency, during the morning and the afternoon. For this reason, it is fundamental to evaluate how thermal wind and gradient wind interact generating the recurrent WPs. The multidimensional analysis described in
Section 2.3.1 allows to generate the ternary plots shown in
Figure 6 and
Figure 7. In these two plots, the air temperature and the atmospheric pressure measured during the period 09:00–18:00 LT are represented by circles of different colors which are placed at a radial distance given by the wind speed, and at an angular coordinate given by the wind direction.
As illustrated in
Figure 6 and
Figure 7 the following WPs have been identified:
- (1)
Wind from S-SSW. Pre-frontal situation (gradient from SSW), not frequent (5%), warm wind prevailing during the morning which rapidly rotates toward SW decreasing atmospheric pressure and increasing wind speed.
- (2)
Wind from SW. Classic pre-frontal and frontal situation (gradient from SW), not frequent if analyzed alone (5%). Generally it is associated to pattern 3 since the atmospheric pressure rapidly increases as the front passes and wind rotates to W-NW. The wind from SW is stable until the passage of the front. The same pattern is presented by the land thermal from SW, which rotates to NE during the day (it is characterized by high atmospheric pressure and low wind intensity).
- (3)
Wind from W-NW (intensity > 3–4 m/s). Classic and very frequent situation (30%). Characterized by wind rotation to the right till NW and its intensification during the day. The atmospheric pressure slightly increases during the day.
- (4)
Wind from W-NW (intensity < 3–4 m/s). This transition situation is observed after the passage of the front and before the establishment of the high pressure conditions. It is quite frequent in the Santander bay (10%). The wind is highly variable in intensity and direction (it could even reach NNW). This is the case of September 9, 2013, which will be analyzed in detail in a following paragraph dedicated to the “Call Book”.
- (5)
Wind from NE (sea breeze). Classic sea breeze situation, very frequent in the Santander bay (40%). The atmospheric pressure decreases during the day while the air temperature increases, therefore wind rotates to the right and increases its intensity. This is the case of September 13, 2013, which will be analyzed in detail in a following paragraph dedicated to the “Call Book”.
- (6)
Wind from ENE (gradient wind). Possible gradient wind without any thermal effect, generated by a depression moving at south of Santander. Quite frequent in the Santander bay (10%), it may generate very intense winds with almost constant direction.
Figure 4.
Wind rose for station ICANTABR27. Time interval 09.00 LT–13.00 LT, period September 8–21, years 2005–2013.
Figure 4.
Wind rose for station ICANTABR27. Time interval 09.00 LT–13.00 LT, period September 8–21, years 2005–2013.
Figure 5.
Wind rose for station ICANTABR27. Time interval 14.00 LT–18.00 LT, period September 8–21, years 2005–2013.
Figure 5.
Wind rose for station ICANTABR27. Time interval 14.00 LT–18.00 LT, period September 8–21, years 2005–2013.
Figure 6.
Ternary plot composed by wind speed (m/s), wind direction and air temperature (°C) observed by the ICANTABR27 station. Time interval 09.00 LT–18.00 LT, period September 8–21, years 2005–2013. The six WPs identified with the multidimensional analysis are represented over the plot.
Figure 6.
Ternary plot composed by wind speed (m/s), wind direction and air temperature (°C) observed by the ICANTABR27 station. Time interval 09.00 LT–18.00 LT, period September 8–21, years 2005–2013. The six WPs identified with the multidimensional analysis are represented over the plot.
Figure 7.
Ternary plot composed by wind speed (m/s), wind direction and atmospheric pressure (hPa) observed by the ICANTABR27. Time interval 09.00 LT–18.00 LT, period September 8–21, years 2005–2013.
Figure 7.
Ternary plot composed by wind speed (m/s), wind direction and atmospheric pressure (hPa) observed by the ICANTABR27. Time interval 09.00 LT–18.00 LT, period September 8–21, years 2005–2013.
3.2. Comparison against the Observations
The observed and modeled wind roses at the El Sardinero station are represented in
Figure 8, respectively in the left and right columns. The top row represents the wind roses obtained for the time period 09–13, and the bottom row represents the period 14–18.
A comparison of the time trends of observed and modeled values of wind direction, wind speed and temperature is shown in
Figure 9 and
Figure 10, respectively, for September 9 and 13, 2013. These two days have been chosen as examples among those simulated because:
September 9 was characterized as a complex situation, due to the transition between gradient wind and thermal wind;
September 13 was characterized by a pure thermal wind, with counterclockwise wind rotation from south west to north east and decreasing intensity between morning and afternoon, and almost constant wind direction and increased intensity during the afternoon.
Notwithstanding the two complex situations, CALMET is capable of reproducing the temporal variation of the meteorological variables in a satisfactory way, showing some differences between the morning and the afternoon. In particular, the wind direction is better reproduced during the afternoon than during the morning, probably because the meteorological situation is more stable in the afternoon, since the passage between land and sea breeze in Santander is between 12:00 and 13:00. The wind speed is slightly over-predicted during the afternoon and under-predicted during the morning, while the temperature is generally well predicted.
Figure 8.
Observed (left column) and modeled (right column) wind roses at the El Sardinero station.
Figure 8.
Observed (left column) and modeled (right column) wind roses at the El Sardinero station.
The numerical values of NMBIAS, MAE and PCC are reported in
Table 1,
Table 2 and
Table 3, respectively. All the tables contain information for the morning (09–13) and for the afternoon (14–18) of all the simulated days.
The values of the NMBIAS show that wind direction and temperature are almost equally distributed between under- and over-predictions. On the contrary, the wind speed is always under‑predicted during the morning.
It can be observed that the average MAE values for atmospheric temperature are about 0.5–0.6 °C, and the average MAE values for wind speed are not greater than 1 m/s for the two time periods. On the contrary, the average MAE values for wind direction show a time variability: 30 degrees for the morning and 15 degrees for the afternoon. The MAE values are in any case good, demonstrating the ability of the CALMET model to reproduce the meteorological data observed by the El Sardinero station which was not used among its input.
Finally, the PCC values indicate a generally good agreement between the time variation of observations and of model results. The values 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 [
39,
40] may be used as thresholds to judge the correlations respectively as small, medium, large and very large. In order to simplify the analysis in this work, only two threshold values will be used: 0.3 and 0.7. A PCC value between 0 and 0.3 may be judged as a weak correlation, a PCC value between 0.3 and 0.7 may be judged as a moderate correlation, and PCC>0.7 is a strong correlation. A negative value of the PCC does not necessarily mean that the observations and the modeled results are very different from a numerical point of view, it means that they are varying in a different way with respect to the time. For example, PCC = −0.12 for wind direction during the morning of September 9, 2013, and
Figure 9 shows that the values are numerically similar, but they are varying in a different manner from 11–12 LT: observed wind direction veering (
i.e., rotating clockwise) while modeled wind direction backing (
i.e., rotating counter clockwise).
Figure 9.
Comparison between observed (blue circles) and modeled (red squares) values of wind direction, wind speed and temperature at the El Sardinero station during the day of September 9, 2013.
Figure 9.
Comparison between observed (blue circles) and modeled (red squares) values of wind direction, wind speed and temperature at the El Sardinero station during the day of September 9, 2013.
Figure 10.
Comparison between observed (blue circles) and modeled (red squares) values of wind direction, wind speed and temperature at the El Sardinero station during the day of September 13, 2013.
Figure 10.
Comparison between observed (blue circles) and modeled (red squares) values of wind direction, wind speed and temperature at the El Sardinero station during the day of September 13, 2013.
Summarizing, the CALMET results extracted at the grid point of the ICANTRBR2 station and compared with the observations of the station itself show that the model is capable of reconstructing the wind data. Since the predictions are in good agreement with the observations, the model results can be used to analyze wind patterns on the off-shore racing fields that can be easily utilized by the coaches and the athletes to decide the race strategy.
Therefore, CALMET can be used to rebuild the wind field within the race course and to create a virtual database for defining the “Call Book”.
Table 1.
NMBIAS values calculated for all the days of analysis and for two different daily periods: 09–13 and 14–18. (WD: Wind Direction; WS: Wind Speed; T: Temperature).
Table 1.
NMBIAS values calculated for all the days of analysis and for two different daily periods: 09–13 and 14–18. (WD: Wind Direction; WS: Wind Speed; T: Temperature).
Date | 09–13 | 14–18 |
---|
WD | WS | T | WD | WS | T |
---|
08/09/2013 | 18.7 | −5.0 | −3.2 | 9.2 | −44.5 | 2.5 |
09/09/2013 | 10.9 | −44.2 | −0.2 | −0.9 | 25.7 | 5.5 |
10/09/2013 | −5.8 | −48.4 | −2.6 | 9.1 | −37.2 | −1.0 |
11/09/2013 | 9.0 | −42.4 | −0.3 | 2.4 | −1.7 | 0.8 |
12/09/2013 | −2.0 | −80.8 | 1.0 | 5.1 | −33.5 | 5.8 |
13/09/2013 | −2.2 | −38.3 | 0.7 | 21.9 | 29.4 | 5.0 |
14/09/2013 | 7.2 | −34.9 | −1.6 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 2.7 |
15/09/2013 | 12.6 | −43.8 | −2.2 | 51.8 | −34.7 | 1.1 |
16/09/2013 | 5.2 | −48.6 | −4.8 | −6.6 | −1.9 | −1.0 |
17/09/2013 | 9.3 | −37.9 | −1.8 | 1.2 | 20.6 | 1.4 |
18/09/2013 | 10.7 | −52.8 | 0.8 | 5.2 | 19.6 | 2.3 |
19/09/2013 | 18.7 | −59.2 | −2.7 | −1.2 | 24.8 | 0.9 |
20/09/2013 | 6.8 | −37.5 | −0.3 | 12.8 | −10.9 | 1.9 |
21/09/2013 | −26.5 | −39.0 | −0.5 | −13.6 | −6.4 | 7.6 |
Minimum | −26.5 | −80.8 | −4.8 | −13.6 | −44.5 | −1.0 |
Maximum | 18.7 | −5.0 | 1.0 | 51.8 | 29.4 | 7.6 |
Average | 5.2 | −43.8 | −1.3 | 7.1 | −3.4 | 2.5 |
Std. Dev. | 11.6 | 16.3 | 1.7 | 15.4 | 25.8 | 2.6 |
Table 2.
MAE values calculated for all the days of analysis and for two different daily periods: 09–13 and 14–18. (WD: Wind Direction; WS: Wind Speed; T: Temperature).
Table 2.
MAE values calculated for all the days of analysis and for two different daily periods: 09–13 and 14–18. (WD: Wind Direction; WS: Wind Speed; T: Temperature).
Date | 09–13 | 14–18 |
---|
WD | WS | T | WD | WS | T |
---|
08/09/2013 | 53.5 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 14.0 | 1.5 | 0.6 |
09/09/2013 | 30.8 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 5.7 | 0.8 | 1.1 |
10/09/2013 | 15.1 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 52.9 | 0.8 | 0.4 |
11/09/2013 | 41.1 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 5.3 | 1.1 | 0.3 |
12/09/2013 | 19.2 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 14.7 | 1.2 | 1.1 |
13/09/2013 | 27.5 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 7.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
14/09/2013 | 16.8 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 7.3 | 0.4 | 0.6 |
15/09/2013 | 34.9 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 13.4 | 0.9 | 0.4 |
16/09/2013 | 15.6 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 23.3 | 0.7 | 0.4 |
17/09/2013 | 24.2 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 4.4 | 0.8 | 0.3 |
18/09/2013 | 26.2 | 1.7 | 0.5 | 14.1 | 0.9 | 0.6 |
19/09/2013 | 42.2 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 8.4 | 0.7 | 0.2 |
20/09/2013 | 19.1 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 31.7 | 0.6 | 0.4 |
21/09/2013 | 51.3 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 10.6 | 0.6 | 1.5 |
Minimum | 15.1 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 4.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
Maximum | 53.5 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 52.9 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
Average | 29.8 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 15.3 | 0.8 | 0.6 |
Std. Dev. | 13.0 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 13.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
Table 3.
PCC values calculated for all the days of analysis and for three different daily periods: 09–13 and 14–18. (WD: Wind Direction; WS: Wind Speed; T: Temperature).
Table 3.
PCC values calculated for all the days of analysis and for three different daily periods: 09–13 and 14–18. (WD: Wind Direction; WS: Wind Speed; T: Temperature).
Date | 09–13 | 14–18 |
---|
WD | WS | T | WD | WS | T |
---|
08/09/2013 | −0.23 | −0.90 | 0.92 | 0.66 | −0.74 | 0.88 |
09/09/2013 | −0.12 | 0.23 | 0.99 | 0.75 | −0.79 | −0.20 |
10/09/2013 | 0.74 | 0.26 | 0.77 | 0.66 | 1.00 | 0.46 |
11/09/2013 | 0.58 | 0.63 | 0.96 | 0.75 | 0.35 | 0.90 |
12/09/2013 | 0.68 | −0.55 | 0.99 | 0.74 | 0.67 | −0.73 |
13/09/2013 | 0.71 | −0.36 | 0.98 | 0.74 | 0.70 | 0.51 |
14/09/2013 | 0.71 | 0.63 | 0.98 | 0.74 | 0.41 | 0.66 |
15/09/2013 | 0.68 | 0.82 | 0.98 | 0.72 | 0.78 | 0.85 |
16/09/2013 | 0.67 | 0.44 | 0.99 | 0.73 | 0.60 | 0.61 |
17/09/2013 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.99 | 0.73 | 0.97 | 0.98 |
18/09/2013 | 0.66 | 0.63 | 0.95 | 0.73 | 0.87 | 0.03 |
19/09/2013 | 0.65 | 0.46 | 0.85 | 0.72 | 0.19 | 0.97 |
20/09/2013 | 0.66 | 0.81 | 0.99 | 0.69 | 0.65 | 0.85 |
21/09/2013 | 0.59 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.69 | 0.40 | 0.52 |
Minimum | −0.23 | −0.90 | 0.77 | 0.66 | −0.79 | −0.73 |
Maximum | 0.74 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.75 | 1.00 | 0.98 |
Average | 0.55 | 0.34 | 0.95 | 0.72 | 0.43 | 0.52 |
Std. Dev. | 0.31 | 0.56 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.56 | 0.50 |
3.3. Use of the CALMET Results for Creating the “Call Book”
The wind roses for the period September 8–21, 2013 in the race area’s centers A, B, C, D and E are illustrated in
Figure 11,
Figure 12,
Figure 13,
Figure 14,
Figure 15,
Figure 16,
Figure 17,
Figure 18,
Figure 19 and
Figure 20.
Figure 11.
Wind rose for the race area A. Time interval 09:00 LT–13:00 LT, period September 8–21, 2013.
Figure 11.
Wind rose for the race area A. Time interval 09:00 LT–13:00 LT, period September 8–21, 2013.
Figure 12.
Wind rose for the race area A. Time interval 14:00 LT–18:00 LT, period September 8–21, 2013.
Figure 12.
Wind rose for the race area A. Time interval 14:00 LT–18:00 LT, period September 8–21, 2013.
Figure 13.
Wind rose for the race area B. Time interval 09:00 LT–13:00 LT, period September 8–21, 2013.
Figure 13.
Wind rose for the race area B. Time interval 09:00 LT–13:00 LT, period September 8–21, 2013.
Figure 14.
Wind rose for the race area B. Time interval 14:00 LT–18:00 LT, period September 8–21, 2013.
Figure 14.
Wind rose for the race area B. Time interval 14:00 LT–18:00 LT, period September 8–21, 2013.
Figure 15.
Wind rose for the race area C. Time interval 09:00 LT–13:00 LT, period September 8–21, 2013.
Figure 15.
Wind rose for the race area C. Time interval 09:00 LT–13:00 LT, period September 8–21, 2013.
Figure 16.
Wind rose for the race area C. Time interval 14:00 LT–18:00 LT, period September 8–21, 2013.
Figure 16.
Wind rose for the race area C. Time interval 14:00 LT–18:00 LT, period September 8–21, 2013.
Figure 17.
Wind rose for the race area D. Time interval 09:00 LT–13:00 LT, period September 8–21, 2013.
Figure 17.
Wind rose for the race area D. Time interval 09:00 LT–13:00 LT, period September 8–21, 2013.
Figure 18.
Wind rose for the race area D. Time interval 14:00 LT–18:00 LT, period September 8–21, 2013.
Figure 18.
Wind rose for the race area D. Time interval 14:00 LT–18:00 LT, period September 8–21, 2013.
Figure 19.
Wind rose for the race area E. Time interval 09:00 LT–13:00 LT, period September 8–21, 2013.
Figure 19.
Wind rose for the race area E. Time interval 09:00 LT–13:00 LT, period September 8–21, 2013.
Figure 20.
Wind rose for the race area E. Time interval 14:00 LT–18:00 LT, period September 8–21, 2013.
Figure 20.
Wind rose for the race area E. Time interval 14:00 LT–18:00 LT, period September 8–21, 2013.
Keeping in mind
Section 2.3.3 and observing
Figure 11,
Figure 12,
Figure 13,
Figure 14,
Figure 15,
Figure 16,
Figure 17,
Figure 18,
Figure 19 and
Figure 20, the race course of Santander may be classified as belonging to the third category (race course where the wind direction remains constant but varies in intensity). This information is of great interest to athletes and coaches because these kinds of regatta fields are very difficult as one may notice differences in strategies between two race courses (often very close to each other) even though the same wind directions and the same wind-shift are measured.
At the same time, observing
Figure 15,
Figure 16 and
Figure 17,
Figure 18, it can be noted that the wind roses of race area C and D are quite similar. This observation identifies a situation where the race courses close to the coastal line are very similar from a strategically point of view and they have an evident difference with the off-shore race fields.
The analysis of what happened on September 13, 2013 (see also
Figure 10) is a confirmation of these statements. On that day, one of the authors was on the race course C carrying out analysis and study for the Swedish Sailing Federation during the ISAF Test Event, at the same time other athletes were racing on the regatta field B. It was noted that in the two racing fields the situation was almost the same, but actually the races were conducted in different ways despite having measured the same wind direction on the two fields (and pretty much the same intensity). What happened? Why with the same NE wind in race field C did a boat have to go to the right (toward the coast) and in race field B, despite having received a right rotation did a boat have to go to the left? This behavior is well explained by the wind roses of the period 14–18 of points B and C (
Figure 14 and
Figure 16). What should a coach or an athlete expect from the analysis of these two wind roses? One should expect pretty much the same wind direction (and in fact there was), then one should also expect an intensification of the NE winds at point C with respect to point B, or an increase in frequency of higher intensities from NE for point C (and in fact that is noted observing the wind roses), and a wind more to the left (N-NNE most frequent) at point B (and in fact this phenomenon is illustrated by the wind roses).
This analysis confirms that, with the wind from NE, in the race fields close to the coast (C, D) it is necessary to go to the right to receive more wind pressure when the sea breeze is fully developed (these two fields require a strategically approach which prevails on tactic), while in the race field B it is suggested to keep checking the left together with the opponents (it is a field more tactic than strategic).
3.3.1. September 9, 2013
Figure 21 and
Figure 22 show the modeled wind field over an extended portion of the simulation domain for September 9, 2013 at times 10:00 LT and 15:00 LT, respectively. At 10:00 LT, the modeled wind blows from south-west with speeds which are within the interval 1.3–1.5 m/s, while at 15:00 LT the wind blows from north‑west with speeds within the interval 2.1–5.1 m/s.
From this analysis, and from the analysis of the observations carried out
in-situ (
Figure 23,
Figure 24 and
Figure 25), it is possible to produce a description of the regatta field which, through an appropriate meta-communication, is able to provide a simplified representation of the race course.
Figure 26 incorporates all the main suggestions and shows how the strategic evaluation of the race course is carried out in an extremely effective way.
Figure 21.
Modeled wind field over a portion of the simulation domain: September 9, 2013 at 10:00 LT. The red arrow in the upper left box represents the wind speed scale.
Figure 21.
Modeled wind field over a portion of the simulation domain: September 9, 2013 at 10:00 LT. The red arrow in the upper left box represents the wind speed scale.
Figure 22.
Modeled wind field over a portion of the simulation domain: September 9, 2013 at 15:00 LT. The red arrow in the upper left box represents the wind speed scale.
Figure 22.
Modeled wind field over a portion of the simulation domain: September 9, 2013 at 15:00 LT. The red arrow in the upper left box represents the wind speed scale.
Figure 23.
Wind direction (blue line) and speed (red line) measured over the regatta fields A and B on September 9, 2013. The moving average (factor 5) for wind direction (black solid line) and for wind speed (black dashed line) are also shown.
Figure 23.
Wind direction (blue line) and speed (red line) measured over the regatta fields A and B on September 9, 2013. The moving average (factor 5) for wind direction (black solid line) and for wind speed (black dashed line) are also shown.
Figure 24.
Wind direction (blue line) and speed (red line) measured by the ICANTABR27 station on September 9, 2013. The moving average (factor 5) for wind direction (black solid line) and for wind speed (black dashed line) are also shown.
Figure 24.
Wind direction (blue line) and speed (red line) measured by the ICANTABR27 station on September 9, 2013. The moving average (factor 5) for wind direction (black solid line) and for wind speed (black dashed line) are also shown.
Figure 25.
Air temperature (blue line) and atmospheric pressure (red line) measured by the ICANTABR27 station on September 9, 2013. The moving average (factor 5) for air temperature (black dashed line) and for wind speed (black solid line) are also shown.
Figure 25.
Air temperature (blue line) and atmospheric pressure (red line) measured by the ICANTABR27 station on September 9, 2013. The moving average (factor 5) for air temperature (black dashed line) and for wind speed (black solid line) are also shown.
Figure 26.
“Call book” for the situation characterized by gradient wind from W-NW over the race course. Transition from a regime of atmospheric depression and gradient wind to a thermal regime.
Figure 26.
“Call book” for the situation characterized by gradient wind from W-NW over the race course. Transition from a regime of atmospheric depression and gradient wind to a thermal regime.
3.3.2. September 13, 2013
Figure 27 and
Figure 28 show the modeled wind field over an extended portion of the simulation domain for September 13, 2013 at times 13:00 LT and 15:00 LT, respectively. At 13:00 LT, the modeled wind blows from east with speeds which are within the interval 1.3–1.6 m/s, while at 15:00 LT the wind blows from north‑east with speeds within the interval 4.4–4.7 m/s.
Figure 27.
Modeled wind field over a portion of the simulation domain: September 13, 2013 at 13:00 LT. The red arrow in the upper left box represents the wind speed scale.
Figure 27.
Modeled wind field over a portion of the simulation domain: September 13, 2013 at 13:00 LT. The red arrow in the upper left box represents the wind speed scale.
Figure 28.
Modeled wind field over a portion of the simulation domain: September 13, 2013 at 15:00 LT. The red arrow in the upper left box represents the wind speed scale.
Figure 28.
Modeled wind field over a portion of the simulation domain: September 13, 2013 at 15:00 LT. The red arrow in the upper left box represents the wind speed scale.
The
in-situ measurements (
Figure 29,
Figure 30 and
Figure 31) allowed to create a strategic analysis of the regatta field, which constitutes part of the “Call Book”.
Figure 32 allows generalizing the strategic evaluation of the race course for all the “Sea Breeze” cases associated with null or weak gradient wind from SW.
Figure 29.
Wind direction (blue line) and speed (red line) measured over the regatta fields A and B on September 13, 2013. The moving average (factor 5) for wind direction (black solid line) and for wind speed (black dashed line) are also shown.
Figure 29.
Wind direction (blue line) and speed (red line) measured over the regatta fields A and B on September 13, 2013. The moving average (factor 5) for wind direction (black solid line) and for wind speed (black dashed line) are also shown.
Figure 30.
Wind direction (blue line) and speed (red line) measured by the ICANTABR27 station on September 13, 2013. The moving average (factor 5) for wind direction (black solid line) and for wind speed (black dashed line) are also shown.
Figure 30.
Wind direction (blue line) and speed (red line) measured by the ICANTABR27 station on September 13, 2013. The moving average (factor 5) for wind direction (black solid line) and for wind speed (black dashed line) are also shown.
Figure 31.
Air temperature (blue line) and atmospheric pressure (red line) measured by the ICANTABR27 station on September 13, 2013. The moving average (factor 5) for air temperature (black dashed line) and for wind speed (black solid line) are also shown.
Figure 31.
Air temperature (blue line) and atmospheric pressure (red line) measured by the ICANTABR27 station on September 13, 2013. The moving average (factor 5) for air temperature (black dashed line) and for wind speed (black solid line) are also shown.
Figure 32.
“Call book” for the situation characterized by sea breeze and null or weak gradient wind from SW over the race course.
Figure 32.
“Call book” for the situation characterized by sea breeze and null or weak gradient wind from SW over the race course.