Exploring the Relationship between Micronutrients and Athletic Performance: A Comprehensive Scientific Systematic Review of the Literature in Sports Medicine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Search Strategy
2.1. Data Extraction
2.2. Data Synthesis
3. Results
4. Vitamins
5. Fat-Soluble Vitamins (FSV)
Vitamin A
6. Vitamin E
7. Vitamin D
8. Vitamin K
9. Water-Soluble Vitamins (WSV)
Vitamin B
10. Vitamin C
11. Minerals
12. Iron
13. Calcium
14. Potassium
15. Magnesium
16. Zinc
17. Selenium
18. Manganese
19. Micronutrients Deficiency and Energy Deficiency’s Impact on an Athlete’s Performance
20. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
25(OH)D | 25-hydroxy vitamin d |
acetyl CoA | acetyl coenzyme a |
ACSM | american college of sports medicine |
ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
B1 | thiamine |
B12 | cyano-cobalamin |
B2 | riboflavin |
B3 | niacin |
B5 | pantothenic acid |
B6 | pyridoxine |
BCKDH | branched-chain-keto acid dehydrogenase complex |
BMD | bone mineral density |
Ca | calcium |
COX | cyclooxygenases |
COX2 | cyclooxygenase-2 |
CrI | credible interval |
CRP | c-reactive protein |
DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
DPPH | 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl |
DXA | dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry |
EA | energy availability |
EAE | exhaustive aerobic exercise |
EIMD | exercise-induced muscle damage |
F | female |
Fe | iron |
FSV | fat soluble vitamins |
GABA | gamma-aminobutyric acid |
GPx | plasma glutathione peroxidase |
HLA-DR | human leukocyte antigen—dr |
IU | international unit |
K | potassium |
LEA | low energy availability |
LOX | lipoxygenase |
M | male |
MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
mcg | micrograms |
Mcg RAE | micrograms of retinol activity equivalents |
Mg | magnesium |
Mn | manganese |
Mn SOD | mn superoxide dismutase |
MV | maximum velocity |
N/A | not available |
Na | sodium |
NDNS | the uk national diet and nutrition survey |
NF-κB | the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated b cells |
NR | not reported |
PGE2 | prostaglandin e2 |
PMS | premenstrual syndrome |
RAE | retinol activity equivalent |
RBCs | red blood cells |
RDA | the recommended daily allowance |
RED-S | relative energy deficit in sport |
ROSs | reactive oxygen species |
RR | risk ratio |
Th1/Th2 | t helper type 1/t helper type 2 |
TMIN | trace minerals, contained in a single tablet taken once/day |
TNF-alpha | tumor necrosis factor-alpha |
TPK1 | thiamine pyrophosphokinase |
TPP | thiamine pyrophosphate |
UK | United Kingdom |
UL | tolerable upper intake level |
UV | ultraviolet |
WHO | world health organization |
WSV | water-soluble vitamins |
Zn | zinc |
β-carotene | β-carotene |
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Type of Micronutrient | DRI | Top Rich Food Sources | Role in Exercise Performance | Deficiency Effect on Performance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vitamin A | 900 µg for males 700 µg for females [9] | Beef liver Sweet potato Carrot [10] |
| Vitamin A has an oxidation potency which protects athletes against induced and intense exercise free radicals, contributes to the elimination of ROS, and prevents muscle damage and the onset of diseases, despite the higher demand for vitamin A in athletes. Its deficiency is not directly linked to performance impairment, unlike other micronutrients such as iron and others [12]. |
Vitamin E | 15 µg [13] | Sunflower seeds Almonds Cereals ready to eat, RALSTON [14] | Decreased performance, recovery, immunity, and blood flow [15] | |
Vitamin D | 1500–2200 IU [16] | Brown mushrooms oily fish, such as salmon, sardines, and cod liver oil [17] |
| Deficient vitamin D concentration seemed to have an unpleasant influence on muscle power, strength, and stamina and elevated musculoskeletal damage, including stress fracture and other injuries impacting inflammation and severe muscle injuries occurring post-intensive exercises [17] |
Vitamin K | 120 µg for males 90 µg for females [9] | Kale Spinach Parsley [19] |
| Insufficient consumption of vitamin K may be associated with a raised fracture risk [19] |
Thiamin (B1) | 1.2 mg for males 1.1 mg for females [20] | Fortified breakfast cereals Bacon Sunflower seed [21] |
| Increased oxidative stress [22] |
Riboflavin (B2) | 1.3 mg for males 1.1 mg for females [23] | Dairy products, meat, egg [21] | Does not have an effect on athletic performance [21] | |
Niacin (B3) | 16 mg for males 14 mg for females [10] | Whole grains, dairy products, milk, and meat [21] |
| May increases exercise capacity [9] |
Pantothenic acid (B5) | 5 mg [20] |
| No proven benefit, so deficiency does not cause any effect [7] | |
Pyridoxine (B6) | 1.3 mg [9] | Fish, beef liver, and other organ meats [24] |
| No effect |
Cyano-cobalamin (B12) | 2.4 µg [20] | Fish, meat, poultry, eggs [26] |
| May cause higher odds of anxiety [3] |
Folic Acid | 400 µg [20] | Dark green leafy vegetables, fruits, nuts, and beans [28] |
| Megaloblastic anemia, impairing red blood cells, tingling in hands and feet, tiredness, fatigue, weakness, loss of coordination, and weight loss [28] |
Vitamin C | 90 mg for males 75 mg for females [13] | Citrus fruits, tomatoes, green peppers, kiwifruit [25] | May have a higher chance of getting sick and missing performances; increased wound repair time [13]. | |
Iron (Fe) | 8 mg for males [29] 18 mg for females | Lean meat and seafood, nuts, beans [30] |
| Iron deficiency, whether combined with anemia or not, can lead to muscle impaired function and limited endurance capacity, which affect athletic performance and training adaptation negatively [31]. |
Calcium (Ca) | 1500 mg [32,33] | Dairy products, sardines and salmon, kale, broccoli [34] |
| Calcium plays a crucial role in maintenance, growth regulating muscle contraction, normal blood clotting, and the conduction of nerve and bone tissue repair. The possibility of stress fracture and low bone-mineral density is elevated by low available levels of energy. In certain cases, such as female athletes, insufficient calcium intake combined with menstrual dysfunction increases the risk ratio [36] |
Potassium (K) | 3500 mg for males [36] 2500 mg for females | Dried fruits (raisins, apricots) Beans, lentils Potatoes [37] |
| Whole body and muscle fatigue such as inappropriate exercise performance could be the result of the acute depletion of the trans-sarcolemma k+ [36] |
Magnesium (Mg) | 400 mg for males 310 mg for females [38] | Whole grains and dark-green, leafy vegetables, dried beans, and legumes [39]. |
| Athletes who are insufficient in magnesium levels are not protected from inflammatory reactions, which may increase the risk of hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, and cancer occurrence [39] |
Zinc (Zn) | 8 mg for males 11 mg for females [32] | Meat, fish, seafood [40] |
| Deficient zinc levels in athletes reduced endurance, led to a significant reduction in body weight, and latened fatigue with impaired endurance and osteoporosis risk [41] |
Selenium (Se) | 55 mg [42] | Brazil nuts, seafoods, and organ meats [43] |
| Insufficient Se levels may raise exercise-induced oxidative stress over time [44] |
Manganese (Mn) | 2.3 mg for males 1.8 mg for females [45] | Whole grains, oysters, mussels, nuts [46] |
| The deficiency of manganese was indicated as an etiological agent in joint diseases and hip abnormalities development [45] |
SN | Author | Year | Study Design | Micronutrient | Source of the Micronutrient | Sample Size | Mean Age | Gender | Conclusion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Bezuglov E. [47] | 2023 | Cohort | Vit D | Natural source | 68 | M = 18.2 ± 1.9 F = 17.3 ± 2.6 | M = 23 F = 45 | No correlation was found between serum Vit D level and strength, speed characteristics, total testosterone concentration, performance in the 20 m and 30 m sprint, countermovement jump, and broad jump. |
2 | Pallante P.I. [48] | 2023 | Clinical trial | Vit D, Mg, and Zn | Natural source | 30 | F = 18–22 | F = 30 | No association was found between Mg and Zn intake and PMS. However, lower Vit D intake tended to be associated with presenting PMS in female athletes. |
3 | Zhang J. [49] | 2023 | Cross-sectional | B Vits (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, and B12) | Supplement | 427 | All = 27.65 ± 3.78 M = 27.47 ± 3.87 F = 27.81 ± 3.70 | M = 210 F = 217 | The supplementation of B vitamins and pectin may be beneficial for exercise performance and post-exercise recovery. |
4 | Mastali V.P. [50] | 2022 | Quasi-experimental | Vit D | Supplement | 24 | Group 1 = 24.33 ± 2.7 Group 2 = 25.83 ± 3.18 | M = 24 | Short-term Vitamin D supplementation could prevent myocytes and hepatocytes damage induced by EAE. |
5 | Martínez-Ferrán M. [51] | 2022 | Double-blind randomized controlled trial | Vit C and Vit E | Supplement | 18 | Group 1 = 47.90 ± 5.75 Group 2 = 46.76 ± 4.60 | M = 18 | Vit C and E supplementation did not seem to help with EIMD in endurance-trained individuals. |
6 | AL-Qurashi T.M. [9] | 2022 | Experimental trial | Mineral water | Natural source | 20 | M = 21.7 ± 3.21 | M = 20 | Rehydration with mineral water such as zamzam is unlikely to impair cardiorespiratory fitness, even with an intake equal to 100% of the loss in body weight. |
7 | Mesquita E.D.D.L. [10] | 2022 | Cross-sectional | Vit D | Natural source | 75 | N/A | N/A | Only adolescents with a combination of sports participation and higher serum concentrations of Vit D showed better bone geometry, indicating the relevance of the combination of both factors to bone health. |
8 | Chen L.-Y. [11] | 2022 | Cross-sectional | Vit D | Supplement | 50 | M = 21.14 ± 1.95 | M = 50 | Vit D may play a significant role in cardiovascular function that influences endothelial and smooth muscle cell function. Vit D deficiency may increase the risk of incident cardiovascular events after acute exhaustive exercise, even in healthy and active adults. |
9 | Książek A. [13] | 2022 | Cross-sectional | Vit D | Natural source | 40 | Group 1 = 22.5 ± 2.9 Group 2 = 21.9 ± 3.7 | M = 40 | There was a significant correlation between Vit D metabolites and handgrip strength and vertical jump variables in indoor players. |
10 | Sone R. [14] | 2022 | Experimental trial | Antioxidant | Supplement | 7 | M = 22.6 ± 1.3 | M = 7 | Mineral-rich antioxidant supplements did not directly affect oxidative stress markers in the blood but suggested that performance (lactate) and salivary nitric oxide could be improved. |
11 | Marley A. [16] | 2022 | Randomized doubled-blind controlled trial | Vit D3 | Supplement | 27 | M = 25 ± 5 | M = 27 | Supplementing 50,000 IU of Vit D3 per week for six weeks combined with six weeks of SIT may improve markers of aerobic and anaerobic performance in recreational male combat sport athletes. |
12 | Rockwell M.S. [17] | 2022 | Cross-sectional | Vit D | Natural source | 53 | M = 19.9 ± 0.4 F = 19.7 ± 0.3 | M = 25 F = 28 | The bioavailable Vit D concentration was associated with a higher total, ap spine, and hip bone mineral density (bmd), but the total Vit D concentration was not related to total bmd and was negatively associated with ap spine and hip bmd |
13 | Brzeziański M [17] | 2022 | Experimental trial | Vit D3 | Supplement | 25 | M = 17.5 ± 0.7 | M = 25 | Vit D3 supplementation in a dose of 6000 IU/d increased its serum concentration in all the study groups of young athletes, causing the equalization of a suboptimal supply of Vit D3 in the serum. The study was not able to prove the ability of Vit D3 supplemented in the proposed dose to influence IL-6 or CRP concentrations in athletes. |
14 | de Brito E. [52] | 2022 | Randomized clinical trial | Vit C and Vit E | Supplement | 14 | All = 26.2 ± 5 | N/A | The association of Vits (C and E) with cryotherapy attenuated the inflammatory response and pain, favoring recovery after an acute resistance exercise session. |
15 | Şenışık S. [26] | 2022 | Cross-sectional | Vit D | Natural source | 256 | All = 13.2 ± 2.2 | N/A | The frequency of Vit D deficiency and insufficiency is higher in indoor athletes and is especially associated with the risk of bone injuries |
16 | Most A. [30] | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Vit D | Natural source | 112 | M = 26.1 ± 5.2 | M = 112 | Vit D insufficiency was associated with lower maximal aerobic power, as assessed with a standardized exhaustive cycling ergometer test. The Vit D level was the only independent predictor of maximal aerobic power in these athletes, highlighting the impact of Vit D on physical performance. A Vit D level of less than 30 ng/mL should be maintained to ensure optimal physical performance in these athletes. |
17 | Nikniaz L. [47] | 2021 | Randomized controlled trial | Vit D | Supplement | 40 | M = 30.40 ± 4.08 | M = 40 | Aerobic exercise combined with Vit D supplementation can reduce serum inflammatory factors and anti-inflammatory proteins and improve lung function after four weeks of intervention. The combination of aerobic exercise and Vit D supplementation remarkably reduced TNF-α, IL-6, and CC16. Aerobic exercise alone and the combination of aerobic exercise and Vit D supplementation significantly increased FEV1 and FVC. |
18 | Kawashima I. [53] | 2021 | Prospective cohort study | Vit D | Supplement | 42 | M = 20 ± 1 | M = 42 | Vit D supplementation of 25 μg/day significantly increased the serum Vit D level in elite male collegiate athletes. Vit D supplementation may play a role in maintaining athletes’ body fat percentage under circumstances where sports activity has decreased. |
19 | Mieszkowski J. [50] | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Vit D | Natural source | 32 | Group 1 = 20.6 ± 3.3 Group 2= 19.9 ± 1.0 | M = 32 | Vit D metabolites affect the anaerobic performance and bone turnover markers at rest and after exercise |
20 | Janssen J.J.E. [54] | 2021 | Experimental trial | Vit B2 | Natural source | 31 | Group 1 = 24.0 Group 2 = 21.8 | F = 31 | A single bout of exercise significantly increased egr activity but did not affect egrac values, indicating that a single bout of exercise did not affect Vit B2 status. |
21 | Ali A. [55] | 2021 | Clinical trial (crossover study) | Vit C | Natural source (sungold kiwifruit) | 10 | F = 30.92 ± 7.32 | F = 10 | Consuming liquid Vit C prior to high-intensity cycling appears to be more effective than eating kiwifruit in ameliorating exercise-induced stress in recreationally active women of reproductive age |
22 | Valtueña J. [56] | 2021 | Longitudinal study | Vit D | Natural source and supplement | 95 | M = 27.3 ± 4.6 | M = 95 | A positive interaction with supplementation existed in two different directions; outdoor training improves the Vit D status only in supplemented team players, and supplementation has a positive influence on the Vit D status only in individuals with adequate sun exposure. Vit D deficiency might affect team players’ overall health and performance |
23 | Wilson-Barnes S.L. [57] | 2021 | Longitudinal study | Vit D | Natural source | 50 | Group 1 = 20.8 ± 1.9 Group 2 = 24.8 ± 4.2 | M = 24 F = 26 | Predictors of physical performance were not associated with Vit D status within both groups or during both seasons. |
24 | Kamińska J. [58] | 2021 | Randomized controlled trial | (Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, K+, Hco3−, So42−, Cl−, and F−) | Mineral in the fluids | 14 | F = 21.9 ± 2.3 | F = 14 | The osmolarity of consumed fluids does not significantly affect the indicators of the water–electrolyte balance and the acid–base balance during exercises; such an effect is only noticeable after consuming an isotonic drink. The degree of mineralization of the water consumed by female field hockey players did not affect the indicators of the water–electrolyte and acid–base balance in the blood and urine. |
25 | Kawashima I. [53] | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Vit D | Natural source | 48 | M = 19.8 ± 0.9 | M = 48 | Vit D is insufficiently widespread among indoor elite athletes, with the majority of them suffering from Vit D deficiency. Outdoor players had a sufficient Vit D level. Vit D insufficiently had significantly higher body fat percentages than sufficient Vit D athletes. |
26 | Alves J. [59] | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Antioxidant Vits (Vit C and Vit E) | 84 | M = 23.2 ± 3.25 | M = 84 | A maximum incremental test did not produce any changes in plasma Vits in athletes. However, it increased the levels of Vit C in erythrocytes and decreased malondialdehyde values in plasma and Vit E in erythrocytes. The levels of malondialdehyde, Vit C, and Vit E were related to performance parameters. | |
27 | Martusevich A.K. [60] | 2021 | Randomized controlled trial | Vit-Mineral Complex (Vits C, E, A, D, Group B, Minerals and Trace Elements, Β-Carotene (1.5 Mg), Lutein (4.5 Mg), and L-Carnitine) | Supplement | 74 | N/A | N/A | The use of an individually prescribed Vit-mineral complex may allow for optimizing the state of the oxidative metabolism of athletes’ blood plasma. |
28 | Sasaki C.A.L. [61] | 2021 | Cross sectional | All Micronutrient | Natural Source and Supplement | 101 | All = 33.32 ± 9.88 | M = 82 F = 19 | The prevalence of inadequacy for Vit D, calcium, Vit A, thiamine, riboflavin, and zinc was significantly higher in para-athletes. The prevalence of the risk for iron deficiency was recorded in female para-athletes. |
29 | Marley A. [16] | 2021 | Single-blind crossover | Vit D3 | Supplement | 27 | M = 24 ± 4 | M = 27 | Given the endurance adaptations from Vit D supplementation and the importance of endurance for combat performance, recreational combat athletes should supplement at 50,000 IU per week for six weeks. There is no additional benefit of increasing the dose above 50,000 IU Vit D per week. |
30 | Pilch W. [62] | 2020 | Randomized control trial | Vit D | Supplement | 60 | M = 20–24 | M = 60 | The plasma Vit D level is considered a significant indicator for reducing muscle cell damage induced by eccentric exercise. |
31 | Crewther B. [63] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Vit D | Natural source | 88 | N/A | M = 88 | Serum Vit D was a poor predictor of exercise performance, but it did moderate (with cortisol) the testosterone link to muscle power. |
32 | Shalaby M.N. [64] | 2020 | Experimental trial | Vit D3 | Supplement | 20 | All = 18.64 ± 0.43 | N/A | Vit D supplementation may affect the muscle function and health of the athlete. It is recommended that Vit D levels should be checked on an annual basis in all athletes for their health. |
33 | Aminaei M. [65] | 2020 | Quasi-experimental | Vit D and Calcium | Supplement | 40 | F = 28.1 ± 2.7 | F = 40 | Eight weeks of TRX training with Vit D and calcium supplementation improved BMI and HDL serum levels. The intensity and duration of training and supplementation probably have positive effects on lipids profiles. |
34 | Bauer P. [66] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Vit D | Supplement | 120 | M = 26 ± 5 | M = 120 | Athletes with sufficient Vit D achieved a higher maximum systolic BP and a higher maximum power output. Better performance was recoded among athletes with sufficient Vit D. |
35 | Molina-López J. [67] | 2020 | Clinical trial | MultiVit\Mineral; Vit A, Vit E, Vit C, Vit B, Vit B2, Vit B6, Vit B12, Vit D, Biotin, Floate, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Iron, Iodine, Cooper, Manganese, Selenium, Zinc | Supplement | 26 | Group 1 = 22.9 ± 2.7 Group 2 = 20.9 ± 2.8 | M = 26 | Elite handball athletes showed a different expression profile in reference to key genes implicated in several sports’ performance-related functions compared to the sedentary controls, in addition to the modulation of gene expression after multiVit/mineral supplementation. |
36 | Krzywański J. [68] | 2020 | Clinical trial | Vit B12 | Injection | 243 | Group 1 = 23 ± 1 Group 2 = 25 ± 1 | N/A | A weak positive correlation between the Vit B12 concentration and Hb and between MCH and Hct were found. Higher values of hemoglobin and hematocrit were observed after B12 injections in endurance athletes. |
37 | Sekel N.M. [69] | 2020 | A quasi-experimental trial | Vit D | Supplement | 20 | All = 20.25 ± 0.85 | M = 7 F = 13 | A daily intake of 10,000 IU Vit D was not sufficient to recover the deficiency, while it protected against seasonal declines. An intake of 5000 IU daily was insufficient and failed to attenuate against seasonal decline. |
38 | Millward D. [70] | 2020 | Cohort study | Vit D | Supplement | 802 | M = 18.7 ± 1.2 F = 18.6 ± 1.2 | M = 498 F = 305 | Correcting low serum Vit D levels reduced the risk of stress fracture. |
39 | Pradita D.K. [71] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Iron | Natural source | 70 | F = 12–21 | F = 70 | Significant relationships were observed between iron deficiency based on serum ferritin and muscle mass with bone density in young female athletes. |
40 | Shafiee S.E. [72] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Vit D | Supplement | 100 | M = 28 ± 6 | M = 100 | Lower serum concentrations of Vit D are associated with the risk of ACLI in male athletes. |
41 | Ashtary-Larky D. [73] | 2020 | Non-randomized crossover design | Vit D | Injection | 14 | M = 24.3 ± 2.4 | M = 14 | Among resistance-trained males who suffer from Vit D deficiency, a single injection of Vit D reduced the insulin concentration and blood glucose levels and improved insulin resistance. Single injections of 300,000 IU Vit D had no impact on muscle damage improvement and inflammatory response. Improvement in the Vit D level had no impact on the resting metabolic rate nor inflammatory and cardiovascular biomarkers. |
42 | Farapti F [74] | 2019 | Cross-sectional study | Vit E, Vit C, Vit A, Zn, and Cu | Natural source | 40 | All = 23.08 ± 4.32 M = 22.96 ± 3.98 F = 23.29 ± 5.03 | M = 26 F = 14 | A low intake of nutrients might deplete the Vit/mineral status, especially in Vit C status among female athletes. |
43 | Kim D.K. [75] | 2019 | Retrospective study | Vit D | Natural source | 52 | M = 23.2 ± 4.5 | M = 52 | Although Vit D insufficiency was not associated with isokinetic muscle weakness, monitoring its levels is very important for musculoskeletal health; especially, the deficiency was common among elite volleyball players. |
44 | Bauer P. [76] | 2019 | Cross-sectional study | Vit D | Natural source | 50 | M = 26 ± 5 | M = 50 | Vit D insufficiency was associated with a significant increase in central systolic and diastolic blood pressure among elite athletes. |
45 | Schaad K.A. [77] | 2019 | Retrospective review of records | Vit D | Natural source | 381, 818 | All = 18–64 | M = 329, 085 F = 52, 733 | Individuals living in a northerly latitude might be more prone for Vit D deficiency and at a higher risk for the diagnosis of depression. Vit D status monitoring was very important among military athletes’ members to prevent the risk for depression. |
46 | Seo M.-W. [78] | 2019 | Cross-sectional study | Vit D | Natural Source and Supplement | 47 | M = 16.7 ± 0.84 | M = 47 | Anaerobic capacity was correlated poorly with Vit D status. Mechanisms were not clear for how Vit D influence anaerobic performance. During growth periods, it is important to consider the importance of Vit D regarding health benefits. |
47 | de Oliveira D.C.X. [28] | 2019 | Double-blind, controlled clinical trial | Vit C and Vit E | Supplement | 21 | M = 19.9 ± 0.3 | M = 21 | Antioxidant supplementation reduced oxidative stress only among young athlete football players. It has no ergogenic aids on muscle damage or muscle soreness due to acute exercise. |
48 | Higgins M.F. [79] | 2019 | A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial | Mineral | Deep ocean mineral | 9 | M = 22 ± 1 | M = 9 | The deep ocean mineral content of minerals and trace elements had many health recovery benefits for active male soccer players who have a prolonged high-intensity running capacity in thermoneutral environmental conditions. |
49 | Aydın C.G. [80] | 2019 | Cross-sectional study | Vit D | Natural source and supplement | 555 | All = 5–52 | M = 229 F = 326 | Participating athletes’ performance benefited from improving Vit D levels, especially during the winter season. |
50 | Alkoot M.J. [81] | 2019 | Cross-sectional study | Vit D | Supplement | 250 | M ≥ 21 | M = 250 | Vit D deficiency was common among professional athletes. Eight winter weeks of supplementation with cholecalciferol increases Vit D serum levels, but not enough for professional athletes. |
51 | Michishita R. [82] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Sodium, Potassium, and Vit E | Natural source | 302 | All = 48.4 ± 11.3 | M = 64 F = 238 | Subjects who do not suffer from hypertension diseases would benefit from the dietary sodium, potassium, and antioxidant Vit intake. |
52 | Bauer P. [83] | 2019 | Prospective, non-interventional study | Vit D | Supplement | 70 | N/A | M = 70 | Professional handball athletes suffered from Vit D insufficiency even in summer. Their insufficiency level negatively impacted their physical performance, which is a risk for musculoskeletal injuries and infections. |
53 | Umarov J. [84] | 2019 | Prospective, non-interventional, observational | Vit D | N/A | 70 | N/A | N/A | Vit D insufficiency is common among elite athletes engaged in synchronized swimming and swimmers. It is accompanied by a decrease in ifn-γ, an increase in tnf-α, IL-4, and IL-6 levels, and an elevation of urti morbidity. Seasonal monitoring and correction of the Vit D level for the normalization of the cytokine profile and a decrease in urti morbidity is definitely advised |
54 | Wrzosek M. [85] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Vit D, Calcium | Natural source | 593 | F = 18–50 | F = 593 | It is important to educate women about the necessity to provide the body with proper calcium and Vit D intake levels in a diet to avoid health problems, resulting from the deficit of the nutrients. |
55 | Alimoradi K. [27] | 2019 | Randomized controlled clinical trial | Vit D | Supplement | 70 | Group 1 = 24.09 ± 5.06 Group 2 = 22.71 ± 4.07 | M = 36 F = 33 | Weekly supplementation with 50,000 IU Vit D resulted in a nearly 17 ng/mL increment in circulating calcidiol. This increase was associated with a significant improvement in power leg press and sprint tests in D-supplemented group. |
56 | Carswell A.T. [86] | 2018 | Study 1: prospective cohort Study 2: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trail | Vit D | Natural sources | Study 1 = 967 | Study 1 = 22 ± 3 Study 2 = 22 ± 3 | Study 1: M = 621; F = 364 Study 2: M = 173 | The Vit D status was associated with endurance performance but not strength or power in a prospective cohort study. Achieving Vit D sufficiency via safe, simulated summer sunlight or oral Vit D3 supplementation did not improve exercise performance. |
57 | Jung H.C. [87] | 2018 | Double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled design | Vit D3 | Supplement | Study 2 = 173 | All = 20.1 ± 0.15 | N/A | Correcting Vit D insufficiency improves some but not all aspects of performance. Thus, the efficacy of Vit D supplementation to enhance performance remains unclear. |
58 | Orysiak J. [88] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Iron, Vit D | Natural source | 35 | M = 17.2 ± 0.9 | M = 50 | Vit D insufficiency is highly prevalent in ice hockey players, but the Vit D level was not associated with exercise performance or indices of iron status. |
59 | Malczewska-Lenczowska J. [89] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Iron, Vit D | Natural source | 50 | F = 20.0 ± 4.4 | F = 219 | The association between Vit D and iron status in female athletes is complex, and it is challenging to determine which nutrient exerts a stronger influence over the other. |
60 | Radzhabkadiev R.M. [90] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Vit A, B, B1, B2, C | Supplement | 18 | M = 21.7 ± 0.8 F = 23.1 ± 1.5 | M = 92 F = 67 | To maintain the optimal Vit status of the athlete’s organism, it was inappropriate to use excessive doses of Vits C (>200–300 mg/day), E (>50 mg TE/day), and A (>1500 μg RE/day). |
61 | Wei C.-Y. [91] | 2017 | Double-blind placebo-controlled crossover | Trace element, Deep Ocean Mineral (Dom) | Supplement (dom) | 159 | Group 1 = 21.2 ± 0.4 Group 2 = 46.8 ± 1.4 | M = 21 | Minerals and trace elements from deep oceans possess great promise in developing supplements to increase the cerebral hemodynamic response against a physical challenge and during post-exercise recovery for middle-aged men. |
62 | DiSilvestro R.A. [92] | 2017 | Randomized controlled trial | Minerals (Iron, Zinc, Copper) | Supplement | 21 | F = 18–30 | F = 76 | A combination of micronutrients can improve aerobic exercise performance in one set of circumstances. |
63 | Wardenaar F. [93] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | All Vits and minerals | Supplement and Natural Source | 26 | M = 23.5 ± 11.5 F = 22.0 ± 7.6 | M = 327 F = 226 | Both users and non-users of nutritional supplements reported inadequate intake of micronutrients. For most micronutrients, the use of nutritional supplements does not completely compensate for intakes below recommendation. |
64 | Backx E. [94] | 2017 | A longitudinal study | Vit D | Supplement | 553 | All = 22 ± 4 | M = 22 F = 30 | A sufficient Vit D concentration in summer did not guarantee a sufficient status in winter. Coaches and medical professionals should monitor athletes’ Vit D concentration regularly to prevent Vit D deficiency. |
65 | Owens D.J. [94] | 2017 | Randomized clinical trial | Vit D | Supplement | 52 | M = 26 ± 3 | M = 46 | Frequent low doses of Vit D intake and gradual supplementation withdrawing were more preferable than the opposite. |
66 | Dahlquist D.T. [95] | 2017 | Randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blinded, triple-crossover study | Vits D3 and K2 | Supplement | 46 | M = 26.9 ± 6.4 | M = 10 | Vit D and K2 had no significant impact on hepcidin-25, IL-6, Hb, hematocrit, serum ferritin, or serum iron. |
67 | Nayir T. [96] | 2017 | Cross-sectional study | Vit D | Natural source | 10 | N/A | M = 679 F = 447 | Vit D insufficiency is common in long-lasting sports. |
68 | Cheng-Shiun He,. [97] | 2016 | Randomized controlled trial | Vit K2 | Supplement | 76 | N/A | N/A | Vit K2 supplementation had been reported to improve cardiovascular function in diseased patients. |
69 | Hildebrand R.A. [98] | 2016 | Cross-sectional study | Vit D | Serum 25-oh d | 1126 | All ≥ 18 | N/A | Vit D insufficiency and deficiency were common among collegiate athletes, which affect their muscular strength and power. It is important to consider the benefits of Vit D for optimal training to maximize performance, especially in muscular strength anaerobic power exercise. |
70 | Cassity E.P. [99] | 2016 | Randomized controlled trial | Vit D | Supplement | 113 | All ≥ 18 | M = 19 F = 13 | There was an inverse correlation between BMI and 4000 IU of Vit D supplementation in athletes. Normal-BMI athletes demanded less than the upper limit of Vit D supplementation to sustain sufficient Vit D status. High-bone-turnover athletes lost a significant amount of Vit D during training. |
71 | Darr R.L. [100] | 2016 | Double blinded, randomized clinical trial | Vit D3 | Supplement | 32 | Group 1 = 42.0 ± 10.7 Group 2 = 36.4 ± 6.9 | M = 13 | Vit D supplementation post-low or -moderate exercise but not resistance exercise enhances IGFBP3, which promotes the delivery of IGF1 to tissues. |
72 | Krzywanski J. [101] | 2016 | Retrospective | Vite D | Sun Exposure and Supplement | 13 | N/A | M = 228 F = 181 | Polish elite athletes suffer from an insufficient Vit D status that affecst their health and performance negatively, especially among indoor sports. Hence, it is recommended to be exposed to sunlight combined with an oral Vit D supplement. |
73 | Capó X. [102] | 2016 | Controlled clinical trial | Vit E | Beverage supplementation | 409 | Group 1 = 22.8 ± 3.8 Group 2 = 45.6 ± 1.6 | M = 10 | To improve the pro-inflammatory circulating in young athletes, functional beverage supplementation is recommended during exercise. |
74 | Backx E.M.P. [103] | 2016 | Randomized, double blind, dose-response study | Vit D | Supplement | 10 | All = 8–32 | M = 54 F = 48 | Intake of 2200 IU/day of Vit D can recover the deficiency among athletes. |
75 | Todd J. [104] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Vit D | Supplement | 128 | All = 25 ± 5 | M = 46 F = 46 | Irish athletes recovered from Vit D insufficiency due to supplementation program-targeted elite sports. |
76 | Maruyama-Nagao A. [105] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Vit D | Sunlight exposure | 92 | F = 20–22 | F = 30 | Vit D insufficiency is common among indoor sports athletes compared to outdoor sports athletes, mostly during winter, which could influence bone mineralization over the three months. |
77 | Wyon M.A. [106] | 2016 | Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial | Vits D3 and K2 | Supplement | 30 | Group 1 = 29.6 ± 10.6 Group 2 = 26.6 ± 7.4 | M = 22 | Among elite indoor athletes who suffer from insufficient Vit D, a shot of 150,000 IU showed a favorable impact on muscle function and Vit D level. |
78 | Keen D.A. [107] | 2016 | Randomized experimental study | Multimineral | Deep ocean mineral water (dom) | 22 | All = 23 ± 1.2 | N/A | The intake of kona showed a positive impact on exercise performance, especially when consumed during the recovery strategy of rehydration and post-exercise. |
79 | Veskoukis A.S. [108] | 2016 | A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial | Vit C | Supplement | 8 | M = 21.1 ± 3.1 | M = 30 | The intake of Vit C at rest showed a positive effect on reducing the oxidative stress, enhancing the antioxidant capacity, and altering the redox state and inflammation biomarkers. |
80 | Heffler E. [109] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Vit D | Supplement and Natural source | 30 | All = 13–25 | M = 24 F = 13 | Vit D deficiency negatively affected athletic performance by altering calcium homeostasis among young athletes who lived above the 40th parallel north. |
81 | Kaul A. [110] | 2016 | Cohort | Vit D | Natural source | 37 | All = 20–79 | M = 677 F = 700 | Vit D levels correlated positively with physical performance among healthy subjects. |
82 | He C.-S. [111] | 2016 | N/A | Vit D | N/A | 1377 | N/A | N/A | Sunlight exposure in the summer combined with everyday supplementation of 1000 iu in the winter is the practical proposal to achieve Vit D sufficiency. |
83 | He C.-S. [111] | 2016 | Randomized controlled trial | Vit D3 | Supplement | N/A | M = 20.4 ± 1.9 | M = 39 | To improve respiratory infections resistance, it is recommended that athletes consume a daily dose of 5000 IU Vit D supplement by monitoring the expression of sIgA and Cathelicidins. |
84 | Chenoweth L.M. [112] | 2015 | Randomized, single-blinded, crossover design study | Vit C, Vit E, Zinc, Selenium, Copper, and Manganese | Supplement | 39 | All = 22 ± 1 | M = 5 F = 5 | Among subjects who do not eat enough servings of fruits and vegetables, the intake of Vits and minerals supplements during exercise increased TAS, improved resting expiratory flow rates, and reduced EFL during exercise. |
85 | Caruana H. [113] | 2015 | Cross-over study | Vit C | Supplement | 10 | M = 21.1 ± 0.84 | M = 10 | In young men, hyperemia post-strenuous muscle contraction is reduced by ROS. |
86 | Fitzgerald J.S. [114] | 2015 | A cross-sectional design | Vit D | Serum level | 10 | M = 20.1 ± 1.5 | M = 53 | Among young male ice hockey players, the Vit D level was positively associated with the strength of the upper body but not the lower body force or the production of power. |
87 | Veasey R.C. [115] | 2015 | Placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, balanced cross-over study | Vit D | Supplement | 53 | M = 21.4 ± 3.0 | M = 40 | Pre-moderate intensity exercise and the intake of Vit and mineral complex supplements with guarana promote memory performance in active males. |
88 | Price O.J. [116] | 2015 | Single-blind, placebo-controlled trial | Vit D | Supplement | 40 | All = 35 ± 8 | M = 9 F = 1 | Vit D and omega-3 PUFA supplementation does not ease the reduction in lung function post-EVH. |
89 | Allison R.J. [117] | 2015 | Cross-sectional | Vit D | Supplement and Natural source | 10 | Group 1 = 23.9 ± 5.0 Group 2 = 23.9 ± 4.4 Group 3 = 24.6 ± 4.6 Group 4 = 25.2 ± 4.6 | M = 950 | Among male athletes, no association was found between Vit D and BMD and T-score. |
90 | Allison R.J. [118] | 2015 | Cross-sectional | Vit D | Natural source | 950 | Group 1 = 21.7 ± 4.8 Group 2 = 22.3 ± 5.2 Group 3 = 24.0 ± 5.5 Group 4 = 23.3 ± 5.3 | M = 750 | Severe Vit D-deficient athletes show significantly fewer cardiac structural parameters than insufficient and sufficient athletes. |
91 | Heller J.E. [119] | 2015 | Cross-sectional | Vit D | Supplement and natural source | 750 | All = 20.7 ± 1.6 | M = 24 F = 18 | Athletes with a large body size and/or excess adiposity may be at a higher risk for Vit D insufficiency and deficiency. |
92 | Popovic L.M. [120] | 2015 | Clinical trial | Vit C | Supplement | 42 | Group 1 = 22.5 ± 1.5 Group 2 = 24.5 ± 2.5 | M = 60 | Vit C supplementation can suppress the lipid peroxidation process during exercise but cannot affect the neutrophil inflammatory response in either exercise group. |
93 | Turchaninov D.V. [121] | 2015 | Clinical trial | N/A | Fortified fermented milk product | 60 | All = 12–17 | N/A | It is recommended among sport-active adolescents to improve their intake with the dairy products “bifidin” and “prolacta” hypoVitosis and micro-elementoses. |
94 | Díaz V. [122] | 2015 | Clinical trial | Vit C, Vit E | Supplement | 94 | M = 26.9 ± 6.7 | M = 10 | Intakes of 500 mg/day Vit C and 400 IU/day Vit E for 28 days had no effect on the hepcidin level due to inflammatory and iron signals. |
95 | Theodorou A.A. [123] | 2014 | Clinical trial | Vit C | Supplement | 10 | Group 1 = 2.6 ± 0.9 Group 2 = 22.8 ± 1.1 | M = 20 | Oxidative stress is decreased post-exercise, while it is increased with antioxidant stimulus exposure. |
96 | Fitzgerald J.S. [124] | 2014 | Cross-sectional | Vit D | Natural source | 20 | M = 20.1 ± 1.5 | M = 53 | Throughout the skate treadmill gxt, the level of Vit D was not significantly assoiciated with any physiological or physical parameter. |
97 | Karakilcik A.Z. [125] | 2014 | Cross-sectional | Vit C | Supplement | 52 | M = 23.50 ± 0.59 | M = 22 | In young soccer players, the intake of Vit C combined with exercise decreases TBARS-levels and may affect the values of PLT, MPV, PCT, and RDW. |
98 | Koundourakis N.E. [126] | 2014 | Cross-sectional | Vit D | N/A | 22 | M = 25.6 ± 6.2 | M = 67 | The concentration of Vit D was significantly associated with the pre- and post-experimental performance parameters. |
99 | Aguiló A. [127] | 2014 | Double-blinded study | Vit C | Supplement | 67 | Group 1 = 39.5 ± 5.6 Group 2 = 37.2 ± 5.4 | M = 31 | In non-exhaustive exercise, the intake of 250 mg Vit C twice a day for 15 days had no impact on IL-6 and IL-10, while it increased the production of IL-6 and IL-10 during the 2 h post-exercise recovery. |
100 | Shanely R.A. [128] | 2014 | Cross-sectional | Vit D | Supplementation with Portobello Mushroom Powder | 31 | Group 1 = 15.9 ± 0.29 Group 2 = 16.6 ± 0.23 | M = 33 | Among high school athletes, the intake of 600 IU/day of Vit D raised the Vit D level without any impact on muscular function or damage post-exercise. |
101 | Beketova N.A. [129] | 2014 | Cross-sectional | Vits A, E, C, B2, and Beta-Carotene | Supplement | 33 | Group 1 = 18.5 ± 0.3 Group 2 = 26.8 ± 0.7 | N/A | It is important to enrich all athletes’ diets with supplements, considering age and gender variation. |
102 | Soria M. [130] | 2014 | Prospective, simple blind, placebo-controlled trial | Sulfur | Sulfurous mineral water (smw) | 169 | M = 27.3 ± 4.1 | M = 30 | To prevent muscle damage post-exercise, it is recommended to intake smw supplements for 3 weeks. |
103 | Barker T. [131] | 2014 | Cross-sectional | Vit D | Natural source | 30 | N/A | M = 13 | Vit D sufficiency increases the anti-inflammatory cytokine response to muscular injury. |
104 | Nieman D.C. [132] | 2013 | Double-blind experimental design | Vit D2 | Supplement and natural source | 13 | Group 1 = 27.3 ± 0.9 Group 2 = 27.1 ± 1.5 | N/A | In crew athletes, the intake of 3800 iu/day for 6 weeks of Vit D increased the Vit D level significantly, with no impact on muscle function tests post-eccentric exercise. |
105 | Barker T. [133] | 2013 | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled experimental design | Vit D | Supplement | 28 | Group 1 = 31.0 ± 5 Group 2 = 30.0 ± 6 | M = 28 | To promote skeletal muscle strength recovery, Vit D supplement intake is recommended, especially after intense exercise in physically active adults. |
106 | He C.-S. [134] | 2013 | Cross-sectional | Vit D | Natural source | 28 | All = 21 ± 3 | M = 184 F = 83 | A low Vit D level was associated with lower pro-inflammatory cytokine production by monocytes and lymphocytes. Low Vit D levels increase the risk of systemic immunity in endurance athletes. |
107 | Askari G. [135] | 2013 | Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial | Vit C | Supplement | 225 | M = 21.0 ± 1.6 | M = 60 | Quercetin and Vit C supplementation may not be beneficial in lipid profile improvement, although it may reduce induced muscle damage and the body fat percentage. |
108 | Taghiyar M. [136] | 2013 | Randomized, double-blind clinical trial | Vit C, Vit E | Supplement | 60 | Group 1 = 31.3 ± 1.8 Group 2 = 38.5 ± 1.6 Group 3 = 33.9 ± 1.5 Group 4 = 38.1 ± 1.4 | F = 64 | Vits C and E supplementation can be beneficial in reducing muscle damage indices during aerobic exercises. |
109 | Magee P.J. [137] | 2013 | Observational study | Vit D | Supplement | 64 | All ≥ 18 | M = 84 | Vit D supplement is recommended during the winter and early spring months to overcome insufficiency in athletes. |
110 | Peeling P. [138] | 2013 | Cross-sectional | Vit D | Natural source | 84 | All = 16 ± 4 | M = 43 F = 29 | Vit D deficiency is common among athletes; hence, coaches are encouraged to recommend a stretching warm-up routine in an outdoor setting during the winter season specifically. |
111 | Sureda A. [139] | 2013 | Randomized, double blind clinical trial | Vit C, Vit E | Supplement | 72 | Group 1 = 32.7 ± 9.2 Group 2 = 36.4 ± 9.7 | M = 14 | Neutrophils protein oxidation-induced exercise is reduced due to Vit E and Vit C antioxidant supplement intake proteins. Vit E and Vit C intake did not alter the adaptive response of the antioxidant and increased the gene expression of catalase and glutathione peroxidase. |
112 | Garelnabi M. [140] | 2012 | Randomized clinical trial | Vit E | Supplement | 14 | M = 32.4 ± 8.7 F = 34.2 ± 10.0 | M = 195 F = 260 | Vit E had no impacts on exercise oxidative stress and inflammation. |
113 | Spradley B.D. [141] | 2012 | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design | B Vits | Supplement | 60 | M = 28 ± 5 | M = 12 | The performance reaction and endurance of lower body muscles are enhanced significantly after consuming supplements pre-strenuous exercise. Moreover, spare energy and reduced fatigue delay fatigue. |
114 | Czaja J. [142] | 2011 | Clinical trial | Magnesium and B6 | Supplement | 12 | Supplementation food with magnesium is recommended | ||
115 | Patlar S. [143] | 2011 | Clinical trial | Vit E | Supplement | NR | M = 22.1 ± 0.5 | M = 7 | There is a significant interference of mineral and electrolyte metabolism due to the intake of Vit E in elite athletes. |
116 | Halliday T.M. [144] | 2011 | Clinical trial | Vit D | Natural source | 7 | M = 20.1 ± 1.9 F = 19.9 ± 1.5 | M = 18 F = 23 | Among university athletes, the intake of Vit D decreases the risk of frequent illness. |
117 | Abolghasem R. [145] | 2011 | Clinical trial | Vit C | Supplement | 41 | N/A | N/A | The level of serum CPK decreased significantly with the Vit C intake. |
118 | Louis J. [146] | 2010 | Clinical trial | Vit-Mineral Complexes | Supplement | N/A | Group 1 = 50.8 ± 6.5 Group 2 = 47.7 ± 6.3 | N/A | Micronutrient supplements decrease muscle inflammation, which improves strength training. |
119 | Chatterjee P. [147] | 2010 | Clinical trial | Vit E | Supplement | 20 | F = 21–25 | F = 25 | Among inactive women and during phases of the menstrual cycle, the intake of 400 mg/day for 1 week of a Vit E supplement improved VO2max, maximum voluntary ventilation, oxygen pulse, and endurance capacity. Vit E supplementation should be considered to improve the endurance performance of females. |
120 | Fage N. [148] | 2010 | Clinical trial | Vit D | Supplement | 25 | All = 40.6 ± 12.1 | M = 15 F = 5 | During anaerobic metabolism, there was no association between Vit D serum status and MAV. |
121 | Zaǐtseva I.P. [149] | 2010 | Clinical trial | Vit–Mineral Complexes | Supplement | 20 | All = 18–22 | N/A | A higher dose of minerals decreased the absorption percentage of iron, copper, and magnesium and increased fecal and urinary ME excretion. |
122 | Dalbo V.J. [150] | 2010 | Double-blind, randomized crossover design | Mineral Antioxidant Complex (Mac) | Supplement | 49 | M = 23.6 ± 3.7 | M = 15 | The performance of aerobic exercise and the lactate response did not differ due to the mineral antioxidants’ complex intake. |
123 | Karandish M. [151] | 2008 | Double blind, randomized controlled trial | Vit C | Supplement | 15 | F = 20–33 | F = 49 | Among healthy young women who engage in moderate-intensity exercise, the intake of 500 mg/day for two weeks of a Vit C supplement had no impact on oxidative stress markers. |
124 | Al-Khalidi M.J.M. [152] | 2009 | Clinical trial | Vit D3 | Supplement | 219 | N/A | F = 18 | The biomechanical variables studied helped the researchers to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the sample in the skill of spike. Applications of resistance exercises of all types with the aids with doses of Vit D had the effect of improving the performance of the skill of spike. |
125 | Sureda A. [153] | 2008 | Randomized clinical trial | Vit C, Vit E | Supplement | 49 | M = 32–36 | M = 14 | A moderate amount of Vits antioxidants supplements reduced oxidative damage due toexercise and lipid peroxidation due to intense exercise and maintained the exercise cellular adaptation. |
126 | Nakhostin-Roohi B. [154] | 2008 | Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | Vit C | Supplement | 14 | Group 1 = 21.5 ± 0.8 Group 2 = 22.1 ± 0.6 | M = 16 | The intake of Vit C prevented muscle damage and lipid peroxidation post-endurance exercise but had no impact on inflammatory markers. |
127 | Cholewa J. [155] | 2008 | Clinical trial | Vit C | Supplement | 16 | All = 23.9 ± 2.6 | N/A | Among basketball players, the levels of blood antioxidants and VO2max were not affected by the intake of a Vit C supplement. |
128 | Machefer G. [156] | 2007 | Cross-sectional | Antioxidant Vits (A-Tocopherol, Vc, Β-Carotene, Retinol) | Natural source | 21 | M = 41.4 ± 1.8 | M = 19 | Among ultra-endurance athletes, a low intake of antioxidant Vit led to insufficient energy intake. |
129 | Disilvestro R.A. [42] | 2007 | Clinical trial | Vit D, Calcium | Supplement | 19 | F = 18–24 | F = 24 | To improve bone health among young adult women, it is recommended to consider exercise along with the intake of micronutrients. |
130 | Gaeini A.A. [44] | 2006 | Randomized controlled trial | Vit E | Supplement | 24 | N/A | M = 20 | Student athletes’ performance was not affected by Vit E supplementation. |
131 | Johnston C.S. [157] | 2006 | Preliminary study | Vit C | Natural source | 20 | All = 18–38 | N/A | Fatigue might be reflected due to fat oxidation inhibition, which is related to a low Vit C status during submaximal exercise. |
132 | Davison G. [158] | 2006 | Clinical trial | Vit C | Supplement | 78 | M = 26 ± 2 | M = 9 | Post-endurance exercise neutrophil depression was not prevented by the intake of Vit C supplements when consumed for 2 weeks. |
133 | Fischer C.P. [159] | 2006 | Randomized controlled trial | Vit C, Vit E | Supplement | 9 | Group 1 = 25.6 Group 2 = 22.3 Group 3 = 24.1 | M = 21 | During an acute exercise program, the intake of Vit E and Vit C for 28 days suppressed the heat shock protein. |
134 | Machefer G. [160] | 2006 | Cross-sectional | Vit E, Vit C, Beta Caroten, Retinol | Natural source | 21 | All = 41.4 ± 1.8 | N/A | Athletes suffered from an inadequate intake of antioxidant Vits. |
135 | Bryer S.C. [161] | 2006 | Randomized control trial | Vit C | Supplement | 19 | Group 1 = 24.4 ± 1.7 Group 2 = 21.4 ± 0.8 | M = 18 | The intake of Vit C before exercise would inhibit muscle stress, postpone creatine kinase release, and suppress the oxidation of bloodglutathione, with a minor impact on the loss of muscle function. |
136 | Fry A.C. [162] | 2006 | Randomized control trial | Vits (A, B1, B2, B3, B6, B5, B9, B12, Biotin, C, D, E) Minirals (Calcium, Chromium, Iodine, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Potassium Selenium, Sodium, Zinc) | Supplement and natural source | 18 | Group 1 = 25 ± 4 Group 2 = 23 ± 2 | M = 14 | The performance post-short-term anaerobic exercise is enhanced by the intake of a micronutrients supplement, but not in well-trained individuals consuming an adequate diet. |
137 | Senturk U.K. [163] | 2005 | Clinical trial | Vits (C, E, A) | Supplement | 14 | Group 1 = 20.6 ± 0.33 Group 2 = 19.8 ± 0.44 | M = 18 | In relation to a series of exhausting exercises, the risk of hemorheological and exercise-induced death would be prevented by antioxidant Vit treatment. |
138 | Davison G. [164] | 2005 | Clinical trial | Vit C | Supplement | 18 | M = 25 ± 2 | M = 6 | In prolonged exercise, high doses of Vit C with or without carbohydrates were traced to a minor impact on the hormonal, interleukin-6, or immune response. |
139 | Herrmann M. [165] | 2005 | Case-control | Vit B12, Folate | Natural source | 6 | Group 1 = 38 ± 7 Group 2 = 38 ± 9 | N/A | Among recreational athletes, mma (methylmalonic acid) was not associated with Vit B12 metabolism. |
140 | Rousseau A.-S. [166] | 2004 | Cross-sectional study | Vits (E, C), B-Carotene, Carotenoids | Natural source | 118 | All = 26.8 ± 6.8 | M = 84 F = 34 | Carotenoids as exogenous antioxidants have important protective roles and should be considered by athletes. |
141 | Cui J.-H. [167] | 2004 | Randomized control trial | Vit Tablet | Supplement | 118 | N/A | M = 40 | To delay sport fatigue and lipid peroxidation after hypoxia condition exercise, it is recommended to consume acetazolamide, highland-Vit-tablets, and redbull beverages. |
142 | Viitala P.E. [168] | 2004 | Clinical trial | Vit E | Supplement | 40 | Group 1 = 23.3 ± 3.8 Group 2 = 24.2 ± 3.7 | M = 15 F = 12 | No significant difference between Vit E supplements and placebo in reducing oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation measures between the trained and untrained groups. |
143 | Thompson D. [169] | 2004 | Experimental design | Vit C | Supplement | 27 | Group 1 = 25.3 ± 1.4 Group 2 = 22.6 ± 1.7 | M = 14 | The intake of a Vit C supplement post-eccentric exercise has no impact on the interleukin-6 level. |
144 | McAnulty S.R. [170] | 2004 | Randomized, double-blind, crossover design | Vit C, Polyphenols | Vit C: supplement, polyphenols: natural source | 14 | M = 23.8 ± 2.5 | M = 9 | Blueberries supplement increases the level of rooh but not the f2-isoprostane level more than Vit C. |
145 | Avery N.G. [171] | 2003 | Clinical trial | Vit E | Supplement | 9 | N/A | M = 18 | The intake of Vit E supplement post-resistance concentric/eccentric exercise did not prevent oxidative stress, membrane damage, and low performance. |
146 | Bryant R.J. [172] | 2003 | Clinical trial | Vitc, Vit E | Supplement | 18 | M = 22.3 ± 2 | M = 7 | The intake of Vit E (400 IU/day) decreases the tissue damage but not the performance more than Vit C. To prevent the damage effect of exercise, it is recommended that athletes consume Vit E and Vit C via their diet. |
147 | Tauler P. [173] | 2003 | Experimental study | Vits (A, B1, B2, B6, B12, C, D, E, Niacin, Folic Acid) and Minerals (Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Iron, Zinc, and Iodine). | Vit C: supplement; dietary intake for all micronutrients | 7 | Group 1 = 25.0 ± 1.5 Group 2 = 24.4 ± 1.1 | M = 16 | The excessive antioxidant nutrients’ intake, which contains Vit C, increases ascorbate in order to prevent negative impacts on rbc and body tissue due to post-exercise oxidative stress. |
148 | Schneider M. [174] | 2003 | Placebo controlled, cross-over | Vit E, Vit C | Supplement and natural source | 16 | M = 26.5 ± 0.9 | M = 13 | With moderate oxidative stress, Vit E supplement intake would not be able to enhance the level of Vit C. |
149 | Sacheck J.M. [175] | 2003 | Clinical trial | Vit E | Supplement | 13 | Group 1 = 26.4 ± 3.3 Group 2 = 71.1 ± 4.0 | M = 32 | Vit E supplement would prevent the oxidative stress due to eccentric exercise. |
150 | König D. [176] | 2003 | Cross-sectional | B12, Folate | Blood sample | 32 | M = 27.1 ± 5.3 | M = 39 | High leveld of plasma folate among athletes decrease hcy levels due to the highest training volume. |
151 | Mel’nikov A.A. [177] | 2003 | 39 | ||||||
152 | Thompson D. [178] | 2003 | Clinical trial | Vit C | Supplement | NR | Group 1 = 23.6 ± 1.4 Group 2 = 24.3 ± 1.7 | M = 16 | The immediate intake of Vit C post-exercise is not proper for promoting recovery. |
153 | Tauler P. [179] | 2002 | Clinical trial | Vit E, Vit C, and Beta-Carotene | Supplement | 16 | All = 23.3 ± 2.0 | N/A | The activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase antioxidant enzymes in neutrophils is enhanced by antioxidant supplementation. |
154 | Childs A. [180] | 2001 | Double-blind, placebo-controlled | Vit C | Supplement | 20 | M = 24.4 6 3.6 | M = 14 | The immediate intake of Vit C and NAC supplement after injury would have a negative effect on tissue damage and oxidative stress. |
155 | Krause R. [181] | 2001 | Clinical trial | Vit C | Supplement | 14 | M = 29 ± 3 | M = 10 | Post-strenuous exercise, neutrophil dysfunction is corrected due to the intake of Vit C supplement. |
156 | Thompson D. [182] | 2001 | Clinical trial | Vit C | Supplement | 10 | Group 1 = 23 ± 2 Group 2 = 25 ± 2 | M = 16 | Long-term Vit C supplement intake would have a reasonable and beneficial impact on the recovery phase due to the unusual exercise protocol. |
157 | Akova B. [183] | 2001 | Clinical trial | Vit E | Supplement | 16 | Group 1 = 26 ± 6 Group 2 = 27 ± 8 | F = 18 | Oestradiol protects from oxidative injury, more so than Vit E. Both had no impact on exhausted muscle performance. |
158 | Petersen E. [184] | 2001 | Clinical trial | Vit C, Vit E | Supplement | 18 | Group 1 = 28 Group 2 = 26 | M = 20 | The level of Vit C and Vit E is raised significantly due to the supplements intake, although its level does not affect the immune indicators of cytokine, lymphocyte responses, or muscle enzymes due to exercise. |
159 | Sacheck J.M. [185] | 2000 | Experimental | Vit E, Vit C, Beta Carotene | Natural source | 20 | F = 18–25 | F = 22 | Vit E intake, even not from supplements, would be sufficient to protect from the oxidative stress which is yielded due to the moderate-intensity exercise. |
160 | Kawai Y. [186] | 2000 | Clinical trial | Vit E | Supplement | 22 | F = 21.2 ± 0.5 | F = 10 | The priority of Vit E intake is RBC protection against oxidative damage. The sufficiency level of serum Vit E promotes its shifting from the serum to a steady RBC-α-tocopherol level due to exercise. |
161 | Chung T.-W. [187] | 2000 | Clinical trial | Vit C | Supplement from fruit | 10 | N/A | M = 20 | A minor increase in the antioxidant level when athletes consume 500 mg of Vit C from fruits during moderate/high-intensity endurance training; however, it did not balance the oxidative stress. Athletes who engage in long-term endurance-training would benefit from Vit C extracted from fruit. |
162 | Beshgetoor D. [188] | 2000 | Prospective, observational study | Calcium | Natural source | 20 | F = 49.6 ± 7.9 | F = 30 | No significant interaction effect of the sport and dietary calcium intake was noted for bmd at any site. |
163 | Monnat A. [189] | 2000 | N/A | N/A | 30 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
164 | Sürmen-Gür E. [190] | 1999 | Clinical trial | Vit E | Supplement | N/A | M = 12–24 | M = 36 | Vit E supplementation had an insufficient impact on plasma lipid peroxidation after exercise. |
165 | Krumbach C.J. [191] | 1999 | Cross-sectional | Multi-Vits + Minerals | Supplement and natural source | 36 | All ≥ 19 | M = 266 F = 145 | Calcium and iron supplementation are commonly consumed by females, while males consume Vit B12 and Vit A supplements. There were some variations in the Vit/mineral supplement habits of the athletes by gender, ethnicity, and sport. |
166 | Virk R.S. [192] | 1999 | Nonrandomized clinical trial | Vit B6 | Supplement | 411 | N/A | M = 11 | Through intensive endurance exercise, Vit B6 supplementation can alter plasma FFA and amino acid levels. |
167 | Savino F. [193] | 1999 | Comparative study | Vits | Supplement | 11 | Group 1 = 6–12 Group 2 = 9 | N/A | Subjects who are at risk of Vit deficiency or highly demanding would benefit from supplements intake. |
168 | Rourke K.M. [194] | 1998 | Double-blind clinical trial | Calcium | Supplement | 40 | F= 18–22 Year | F = 30 | Higher calcium intakes promote some benefit to bone mineral density. |
169 | Alessio H.M. [195] | 1997 | Clinical trial | Vit C | Supplement | 30 | M = 33.0 ± 2.6 | M = 9 | Vit C supplementation for 1 day/2 weeks reduces the oxidative stress induced by exercise. |
170 | Oostenbrug G.S. [196] | 1997 | Double-blind randomized | Vit E | Supplement | 9 | M = 19–42 | M = 24 | Endurance performance is not improved by fish oil supplements. Due to the increase in oxidative stress post-endurance exercise, fish oil may act as an antioxidant. |
171 | Hartmann A. [197] | 1995 | Clinical trial | Vit E | Supplement | 10 | M = 29–34 | M = 8 | Vit E prevents exercise-induced DNA damage and indicates that dna breakage occurs in WBC after exhaustive exercise as a consequence of oxidative stress |
172 | Sobal J. [198] | 1994 | Cross-sectional | MultiVites + Minerals | Supplement and natural source | 8 | N/A | N/A | Supplement use by these adolescents appears to be motivated more by health reasons than by sports performance. It is suggested that it may be useful to assess Vit/mineral supplement use by adolescents and to provide education and counseling about diet, nutrition, and exercise for those who use them as ergogenic aids to improve athletic performance. |
173 | Men’shikov I.V. [199] | 1994 | Comparative study | Vit E | Supplement | 742 | N/A | N/A | The use of Vit E resulted in a decrease in the energy value of exercises performed by the athletes under normo- and hyperthermic conditions as well as changes in blood and erythrocyte membrane lipid composition and blood calcium ion concentration. |
174 | Rokitzki L. [200] | 1994 | Cross-section | Vit B6 | Supplement | N/A | Bodybuilding = 25.3 ± 6.4 Wrestling = 20.6 ± 2.7 Basketball = 26.1 ± 4.7 Soccer = 23.5 + 2.8 Handball = 23.8 ± 7.9 | M = 45 F = 12 | Athletes’ Vit B6 level is not yet assessed due to the absence of generally valid reference values. |
175 | Rokitzki L. [201] | 1994 | Clinical trial | Vit B6 | Supplement | 57 | M = 35.6 ± 9.8 | M = 13 | With a balanced diet, the intake of exogenous Vit B6 is not necessary. |
176 | Rokitzki L. [202] | 1994 | Cross-section | ViteB2 | Supplement | 13 | N/A | Athletes Group: M = 50 F = 12 | B2 Vit is favored among performance athletes. |
177 | Lorino A.M. [203] | 1994 | Single-blind crossover | Vit E | Supplement | 78 | M = 22.0 ± 1.0 | M = 7 | Vit E intake did not reduce the lung clearance exercise-induced increase. |
178 | Jakemanl P. [204] | 1993 | Double-blind clinical trial | Vit E and Vit C | Supplement | 7 | All = 19.6 | M = 16 F = 8 | There was a reduction in the loss of contractile function post-eccentric exercise and in the first 24 h of recovery in the group supplemented with Vit C but not Vit E. Prior supplementation with Vit C can attenuate eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. It is proposed that the effect of Vit C supplementation on contractile function, particularly LFF, could be to protect vital cell structures such as the SR from oxidative stress and free radical injury. |
179 | Nasolodin V.V. [205] | 1993 | N/A | Vit C, Vit P, and Vit Complex (Ascorutine, Thiamine, Riboflavin, Pyridoxine, Cyan Cobalamin, Folic Acid) | N/A | 24 | N/A | N/A | The metabolism of iron, copper, and manganese is affected by the intake of Vit c or Vit complex (ascorutine, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, cyan cobalamin, folic acid). |
180 | Bazzarre T.L. [206] | 1993 | Cross-sectional | Vit-Mineral Supplement | Supplement | N/A | N/A | N/A | Subjects who intake supplements might reflect healthy lifestyle practices. |
181 | Klausen T. [207] | 1993 | Cross-sectional | Vit D and Calcium | Natural source | 91 | M = 41–50 | M = 9 | Endurance training impacts the plasma Vit D level and pth. |
182 | Fogelholm M. [208] | 1993 | Clinical trial | B-Complex | Supplement | 9 | All = 18–32 | M = 24 F = 18 | Activation coefficients acs (Vit B1, B2, and B6) were not associated with blood lactate. |
183 | Maxwell S.R.J. [209] | 1993 | Clinical trial | Vit E and Vit C | Supplement | 42 | All = 19.6 ± 0.3 | M = 16 F = 8 | Vits supplementation enhanced the plasma capacity of antioxidants due to one hour of eccentric exercise. |
184 | Meydani M. [210] | 1993 | Double-blind clinical trial | Vit E | Supplement | 24 | Young Group = 22–29 Adult Group = 55–74 | M = 21 | Vit E dietary supplementation for 48 days diminished free radical-mediated exercise oxidative damage, reduced oxidative injury, and increased muscle a-tocopherol. |
185 | Mikalauskaǐte D.A. [211] | 1992 | 21 | ||||||
186 | MEYDANI M. [212] | 1992 | NR | ||||||
187 | Telford R.D. [213] | 1992 | Clinical trial | Vits (B1, B2, B6, C, E, A, B12, Folate) and Six Minerals (Cu, Mg, Zn, Ca, P, Al) | Supplement | NR | M = 17.3 ± 1.4 F = 17.3 ± 1.1 | M = 50 F = 36 | Micronutrients supplementation for 7–8 months promotes blood Vits levels but not mineral levels, and some blood nutritional indicators may vary according to sex (the values generally being higher in females, with significant differences for Vits B2, C, and E and copper and aluminum). |
188 | Fogelholm M. [214] | 1992 | Cross-sectional | Vits (B1, B2, B6), Magnesium, Iron, and Zinc | Natural source | 86 | Group 1 = 24.0 ± 0.6 Group 2 = 26.0 ± 0.6 | F = 39 | A protocol of 24-week fitness exercise effectively increased VO2max, while it did not affect thiamin, riboflavin, magnesium, iron, and zinc status. |
189 | Deuster P.A. [215] | 1991 | 39 | ||||||
190 | Colgan M. [216] | 1991 | Double-blind crossover trial | All Vits and Minerals | Supplement | NR | N/A | M = 12 F = 11 | Among endurance intense training athletes, RDA is enough, along with iron supplements. |
191 | Pieralisi G. [217] | 1991 | Double-blind, randomized, crossover | Supplement | 23 | M = 21–47 | M = 50 | Ginseng preparation improved muscular oxygen utilization and hence enhanced work capacity. | |
192 | Miric M. [218] | 1991 | 50 | ||||||
193 | Cannon J.G. [219] | 1991 | Double-blind placebo-controlled protocol | Vit E | Supplement | NR | Group 1 = 25 ± 3 Group 2 = 65 ± 2 | M = 21 | Vit E supplement significantly affected IL-1 and IL-6 production, with no significant impact on exercise-related changes |
194 | Faber M. [220] | 1991 | Cross-sectional | Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Vit A, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Nicotinic Acid, Vit B6, Folic Acid, Vit B12, Ascorbic Acid | Natural source | 21 | M = 22.1 ± 3.8 F = 22.3 ± 2.9 | M = 20 F = 10 | With a sufficient energy intake, males consumed an adequate amount of all micronutrients, while females digested insufficiently for calcium, iron, and magnesium. |
195 | Cannon J.G. [221] | 1990 | Clinical trial | Vit E | Supplement | 30 | Group 1 = 22–29 Group 2 = 55–74 | M = 21 | Vit E supplementation had a positive impact on damaged tissue, as it promotes the accumulation of neutrophil. |
196 | Van Erp-Baart A.M.J. [222] | 1989 | Survey research | Calcum, Iron, Vites (C, A, B1, B2, B6) | Natural source and supplement | Nr | N/A | N/A | A sufficient intake of Vit and minerals was notice when the energy intake ranged between 10 and 20 mj/day. There was a positive correlation between calcium and iron intake and energy intake. Hence, low energy intakes challenge ca and iron. |
197 | Satoshi S. [223] | 1989 | Experimental trial | Vit E | Supplement | N/A | M = 20.3 ± 0.3 | M = 21 | Post-exercise Vit E supplementation significantly reduces the malondialdehyde level, the leakage of enzymes, and lipid peroxidation. |
198 | Guilland J.-C. [224] | 1989 | Clinical trial | Vit B1, B2, B6, C, A, and E | Natural source and supplement | 21 | Group 1 = 19.6 ± 0.56 Group 2 = 22.5 ± 0.4 | M = 55 | Daily Vits supplements for one month significantly improve serum Vit C, plasma plp, and erythrocyte tpp concentrations, etk and egr basal activities, east basal activities (only in young athletes), and etk, egr, and east activation values. |
199 | Weight L.M. [225] | 1988 | Double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study | Vits (E, D, C, A, B1, B2, B6) and Minerals (Selenium, Iodine, Phosphorus, Ca, Iron, Zn, Cu, K, Mg) | Supplement | 55 | M = 20–45 | M = 30 | A normal diet intake is enough, and there is no need for supplementation. |
200 | Weight L.M. [225] | 1988 | Placebo-controlled crossover | Multi-Vits and Minerals | Supplement | 30 | M = 31.9 ± 10.6 | M = 30 | |
201 | Manore M.M. [226] | 1988 | Clinical trial | B6 | Natural source | 30 | Group 1 = 25.6 ± 4 Group 2 = 24.4 ± 3.2 Group 3 = 55.8 ± 4.8 | F = 15 | Among females, the intake of Vit B6 may alter serum fuel substrates during exercise, depending on her age. |
202 | Bell N.H. [227] | 1988 | Clinical trial | Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium | Natural source | 15 | Group 1 = 19–36 Group 2 = 26 ± 1 | M = 28 | |
203 | Klepping J. [228] | 1988 | Clinical trial | Minerals (P, Mg, Ca, Fe) and Vits (C, B1, B2, B6) | Natural source | NR | Group 1 = 15.16 ± 1.6 Group 2 = 23.91 ± 4.85 | M = 265 | Even with a high energy intake, deficient micronutrient intakes were common among many athletes. |
204 | Manore M.M. [229] | 1987 | Comparative study | B6 | Natural source | N/A | Group 1 = 25.6 ± 4 Group 2 = 24.4 ± 3.2 Group 3 = 55.8 ± 4.8 | F = 15 | Vit B6 metabolism did not change due to exercise, nor training. |
205 | Zuliani U. [230] | 1985 | N/A | Mineral Salts | N/A | NR | N/A | N/A | N/A |
206 | Butturini U. [231] | 1984 | N/A | ||||||
207 | Walter M.C. [232] | 1984 | NR | ||||||
208 | Grandjean A.C. [12] | 1983 | N/A | N/A | N/A | NR | N/A | N/A | N/A |
209 | Rusin V.I. [233] | 1982 | N/A | ||||||
210 | Borisov I.M. [234] | 1980 | Comparative study | Vit C, Vit P | Supplement | NR | N/A | N/A | N/A |
211 | Helgheim I. [235] | 1979 | Double-blind experimental design | Vit E | Supplement | 1203 | All = 19–24 | M = 2 F = 24 | Post-exercise intake of Vit E had no impact on serum enzyme levels. |
212 | Leklem J.E. [236] | 1979 | 26 | ||||||
213 | Laricheva K.A. [237] | 1979 | N/A | Vits (A, B1, B2, B6, Pp, C) | N/A | NR | N/A | N/A | N/A |
214 | Dam B.V. [238] | 1978 | Double-blind test | B1, B2, and B6 | Supplement (granulated multi-Vit electrolyte preparation) | N/A | F = 18.3 ± 3.0 M = 18.9 ± 3.5 | M = 33 F = 7 | B Vits deficiency is noticed due to the high rate of energy metabolism, the high body core temperature, and sweat loss. |
215 | Haralambie G. [239] | 1976 | Clinical trial | Vit B | Supplement | 40 | M = 17–38 | M = 25 | An intake of 10 mg of riboflavin lowers neuromuscular irritability. |
216 | Shephard R.J. [240] | 1974 | Matched-pair trial under near-double-blind conditions | Vit E | Supplement | 25 | M = 20.3 ± 1.6 | M = 16 | Vit E had no advantage for swimmers. |
217 | Bailey D.A. [241] | 1970 | Double-blind | Vit C | Supplement | NR | M = 24.5 ± 3.5 | M = 40 | There was no significant impact of Vit C on respiratory and oxygen utilization before, during, and after exercise in smoking and nonsmoking subjects. |
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Ghazzawi, H.A.; Hussain, M.A.; Raziq, K.M.; Alsendi, K.K.; Alaamer, R.O.; Jaradat, M.; Alobaidi, S.; Al Aqili, R.; Trabelsi, K.; Jahrami, H. Exploring the Relationship between Micronutrients and Athletic Performance: A Comprehensive Scientific Systematic Review of the Literature in Sports Medicine. Sports 2023, 11, 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11060109
Ghazzawi HA, Hussain MA, Raziq KM, Alsendi KK, Alaamer RO, Jaradat M, Alobaidi S, Al Aqili R, Trabelsi K, Jahrami H. Exploring the Relationship between Micronutrients and Athletic Performance: A Comprehensive Scientific Systematic Review of the Literature in Sports Medicine. Sports. 2023; 11(6):109. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11060109
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhazzawi, Hadeel Ali, Mariam Ali Hussain, Khadija Majdy Raziq, Khawla Khaled Alsendi, Reem Osama Alaamer, Manar Jaradat, Sondos Alobaidi, Raghad Al Aqili, Khaled Trabelsi, and Haitham Jahrami. 2023. "Exploring the Relationship between Micronutrients and Athletic Performance: A Comprehensive Scientific Systematic Review of the Literature in Sports Medicine" Sports 11, no. 6: 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11060109