Rare Chromosomal Uniformity in Black Flies of the Simulium striatum Species Group (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Chromosomal Generalities
3.2. Species Group Characterization
3.3. Interspecific Differences
3.4. Intraspecific Variation
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | Location | Longitude Latitude | Elevation (Masl) | Collection Date | Species (n) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | India, Uttarakhand, Nainital District, Cataliakot River (2.5–3.5 m wide), 900 m above mouth | 29°28′25″ N 79°09′39″ E | 456 | 2 May 2018 | sp. A (33) |
2 | India, Uttarakhand, Chamoli District, Pindar River (15–20 m wide), 1 km above Karan-prayg | 30°15′05″ N 79°13′24″ E | 785 | 6 May 2018 | sp. B (11) |
3 | Indonesia, Java, Cugur Cilember | 06°39′39″ S 106°56′46″ E | 884 | 25 July 2018 | argyrocinctum (39) |
4 | Laos, Xiangkhouang Province, Muang Khoun | 19°13′41″ N 103°21′57″ E | 990 | 8 February 2025 | wangkwaiense (19) |
5 | Laos, Xiangkhouang Province, Muang Kham | 19°38′16″ N 103°28′26″ E | 750 | 9 February 2025 | sp. (75), tadtonense (1) |
6 1 | Taiwan, Pingtung County, Manjhou, Jioupeng | 22°06′41″ N 120°52′28″ E | 50 | 3 February 2008 | pingtungense (23) |
7 1 | Taiwan, Pingtung County, Manjhou, Lide | 22°01′02″ N 120°50′25″ E | 50 | 3 February 2008 | pingtungense (21) |
8 2 | Taiwan, Nantou Province, Yuchi Township | 23°52′ N 120°56′ E | 670 | 1 March 2006 | quinquestriatum (6) |
– | Thailand, 35 sites (Table 2) | (Table 2) | (Table 2) | (Table 2) | striatum group (479) |
Site | Location | Longitude Latitude | Elevation (masl) | Collection Date | Larvae Analyzed (n) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
135 | Amnat Chareon Province, Huai Nang Koi waterfall, Phathum Ratchawongsa | 15°53′32″ N 104°54′20″ E | 160 | 23 February 2008 | 3 |
208 | Kanchanaburi Province, Tham Than Lod, Si Sawat | 14°40′02″ N 99°19′09″ E | 276 | 30 September 2008 | 7 |
223 | Chiang Mai Province, Mae Ya waterfall, Chomthong | 18°26′23″ N 98°35′53″ E | 587 | 21 November 2008 | 9 |
246 1 | Ubon Ratchathani Province, Huai Phang | 15°23′28″ N 105°27′16″ E | 189 | 1 November 2009 | 14 |
255 | Ubon Ratchathani Province, Kang Lam Duan waterfall, Nam Khun | 14°26′05″ N 105°06′22″ E | 179 | 2 November 2009 | 14 |
267 | Loei Province, Pla Ba waterfall, Phuruea | 17°23′19″ N 101°22′11″ E | 649 | 24 November 2009 | 7 |
268 | Loei Province, Song Khon waterfall, Phuruea | 17°21′08″ N 101°24′14″ E | 743 | 26 November 2009 | 16 |
275 2 | Loei Province, Thansawan waterfall, Na Haeo | 17°29′27″ N 101°03′34″ E | 506 | 27 November 2009 | 10 |
284 | Uttaradit Province, Huai Cham Phang | 17°47′00″ N 100°06′56″ E | 130 | 5 December 2009 | 11 |
285 | Uttaradit Province, Ban Mae Kam | 18°08′01″ N 100°15′20″ E | 236 | 5 December 2009 | 12 |
292 | Nan Province, Ban Rong Ngae, Pua | 19°10′31″ N 100°55′49″ E | 257 | 6 December 2009 | 19 |
297 2 | Chiang Mai Province, Mae Klang waterfall, Chomthong | 19°00′59″ N 99°18′11″ E | 615 | 6 December 2009 | 25 |
304 | Phitsanulok Province, Chat Trakan waterfall | 17°07′56″ N 100°40′52″ E | 194 | 8 December 2009 | 3 |
322 | Kamphaeng Phet Province, Klong Wang Chao waterfall, | 16°30′16″ N 99°09′36″ E | 236 | 19 February 2010 | 31 |
323 3,4 | Kamphaeng Phet Province, Klong Wang Chao | 16°30′15″ N 99°10′03″ E | 204 | 19 February 2010 | 27 |
327 | Kamphaeng Phet Province, Klong Khlung, Klong Lan | 16°03′43″ N 99°18′53″ E | 118 | 20 February 2010 | 27 |
329 | Kanchanaburi Province, Ban Huai Khayeng | 14°35′06″ N 98°35′29″ E | 237 | 20 February 2010 | 11 |
333 | Kanchanaburi Province, Huai U-long | 14°32′45″ N 98°47′13″ E | 172 | 20 February 2010 | 16 |
339 | Chanthaburi Province, Khao Soi Dao waterfall | 13°19′18″ N 102°11′38″ E | 316 | 3 March 2010 | 10 |
349 2 | Sisaket Province, Huai Chan waterfall, Khun Han | 14°31′48″ N 104°21′32″ E | 116 | 15 October 2010 | 10 |
351 | Ubon Ratchathani Province, Sirindhorn | 15°12′56″ N 105°27′46″ E | 114 | 16 October 2010 | 11 |
356 | Nakhon Phanom Province, Tad Kham waterfall, Ban Phaeng | 17°58′08″ N 104°09′34″ E | 122 | 17 October 2010 | 10 |
360 | Bueng Kan Province, Jed Si waterfall (1), Se ka | 18°15′51″ N 103°54′21″ E | 169 | 18 October 2010 | 9 |
361 2,4 | Bueng Kan Province, Jed Si waterfall (2), Se ka | 18°15′51″ N 103°54′21″ E | 169 | 18 October 2010 | 12 |
369 2,5 | Chiang Mai Province, Mae Klang waterfall, Chomthong | 18°29′39″ N 98°40′07″ E | 304 | 16 January 2015 | 11 |
372 2 | Chiang Mai Province, Huai Mae Um long | 18°09′22″ N 98°13′06″ E | 852 | 16 January 2015 | 10 |
374 | Mae Hong Son Province, Mae Sariang | 18°08′33″ N 97°58′35″ E | 203 | 16 January 2015 | 12 |
375 | Mae Hong Son Province, Mae La Noi | 18°22′41″ N 97°56′32″ E | 270 | 16 January 2015 | 12 |
376 | Mae Hong Son Province, Khun Yuam | 18°38′39″ N 97°56′29″ E | 471 | 16 January 2015 | 16 |
379 | Mae Hong Son Province, Mueang Mae Hong Son | 19°29′45″ N 98°03′21″ E | 495 | 17 January 2015 | 24 |
380 6 | Mae Hong Son Province, Pang Mapha | 19°30′37″ N 98°15′46″ E | 610 | 17 January 2015 | 15 |
381 | Mae Hong Son Province, Ban Pang Paek, Pang Mapha | 19°26′14″ N 98°15′49″ E | 787 | 17 January 2015 | 12 |
387 7 | Chiang Mai Province, Mae Rim | 18°54′02″ N 98°52′55″ E | 508 | 18 January 2015 | 16 |
409 2 | Lampang Province, Wang Thong waterfall | 19°16′16″ N 99°39′50″ E | 510 | 18 December 2015 | 8 |
440 | Loei Province, Song Khon waterfall, Phuruea | 17°21′14″ N 101°25′20″ E | 721 | 27 May 2017 | 19 |
Taxon 1 | argyr. | ping. | quin. | tad. | wang. | sp. | sp. A | sp. B | striatum Group |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site | 3 | 6, 7 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 9 |
Country | Indon. (Java) | Taiw. | Taiw. | Laos | Laos | Laos | India | India | Thailand |
F:M | 23 2:16 | 26 3:18 | 4:2 | 0:1 | 12:7 | 38:37 4 | 12:20:1 5 | 4:7 | 249:230 6 |
IS-3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.999 |
IS-4 | 0.10 | ||||||||
IS-5 | 0.01 | ||||||||
IS-6 | 0.02 | ||||||||
IS-8 | 0.18 | ||||||||
IS-9 | 0.14 | ||||||||
IS-10 | 0.001 | ||||||||
IS-11 | 0.02 | ||||||||
IS-12 | 0.007 | ||||||||
IS hc18 7 | 0.01 | ||||||||
IS 2°NO | 0.08 | ||||||||
IL-10 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
IL-11 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
IL-12 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
IL-13 | 1.00 | ||||||||
IL-14 | 0.01 | ||||||||
IL-15 | 0.01 | ||||||||
IL-16 | 0.18 | 0.001 | |||||||
IL-17 | 0.02 | ||||||||
IL-18 | 0.18 | ||||||||
IL-19 | 0.09 | ||||||||
IL-20 | 0.001 | ||||||||
IL-25 | 0.001 | ||||||||
IL-26 | 0.001 | ||||||||
IL hb22 | 0.02 | ||||||||
CI diffuse | 0.08 | ||||||||
IIS-1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
IIS-3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
IIS-4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
IIS-5 | 0.001 | ||||||||
IIS-6 | 0.002 | ||||||||
IIS-7 | 0.001 | ||||||||
IIS-8 | 0.002 | ||||||||
IIS-9 | 0.003 | ||||||||
IIS-10 | 0.002 | ||||||||
IIS-11 | 0.001 | ||||||||
IIS-basal 8 | 0.001 | ||||||||
IIS hb54 | 0.01 | ||||||||
IIL-1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
IIL-3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
IIL-4 | 0.01 | ||||||||
IIL-5 | 0.001 | ||||||||
IIL hb55 | 0.57 9 | 0.17 | |||||||
IIL hb55′ | 0.08 | ||||||||
IIL hb56 | 0.45 9 | 0.02 | |||||||
IIL hb56′ | 0.08 | 0.003 | |||||||
IIL hb57 | 0.01 | ||||||||
IIL hb60 | 0.08 | ||||||||
CII diffuse | 0.003 | ||||||||
IIP-1 | 0.08 | ||||||||
IIP-2 | 0.002 | ||||||||
IIIS-1 | 0.007 | ||||||||
IIIL-5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
IIIL-11 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
IIIL-12 | 0.01 | ||||||||
IIIL-13 | 0.01 | ||||||||
IIIL-14 | 1.00 | 0.11 | |||||||
IIIL-15 | 0.001 | ||||||||
IIIL-16 | 0.001 | ||||||||
IIIL-17 | 0.03 | ||||||||
IIIL-18 | 0.14 | ||||||||
IIIL-20 | 0.002 | ||||||||
IIIL-21 | 0.002 | ||||||||
IIIL-22 | 0.01 | ||||||||
CIII diffuse | 0.02 | ||||||||
Bs (%) 10 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.004 |
Species 1 | chiang. | maek. | nakhon. | phra. | poolph. | tadton. | wangk. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F:M | 16:13 | 11:9 | 5:6 | 0:1 | 3:11 | 13:12 | 23:28 |
IS-8 | 0.02 | ||||||
IL-20 | 0.01 | ||||||
IIS-9 | 0.02 | ||||||
IIS-10 | 0.02 | ||||||
IIS-11 | 0.02 | ||||||
IIS hb54 | 0.07 | ||||||
IIL hb55 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.50 | 0.29 | 0.30 | |
IIL hb56 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.04 | ||||
IIL hb56′ | 0.05 | ||||||
IIIL-14 | 0.74 | ||||||
IIIL-20 | 0.04 | ||||||
Bs (%) | 1.96 |
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Adler, P.H.; Vlasov, S.; Huang, Y.-T.; Hadi, U.K.; Inkhavilay, K.; Malavong, B.; Topolenko, V.; Gomontean, B.; Jumpato, W.; Mintara, R.; et al. Rare Chromosomal Uniformity in Black Flies of the Simulium striatum Species Group (Diptera: Simuliidae). Insects 2025, 16, 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16050511
Adler PH, Vlasov S, Huang Y-T, Hadi UK, Inkhavilay K, Malavong B, Topolenko V, Gomontean B, Jumpato W, Mintara R, et al. Rare Chromosomal Uniformity in Black Flies of the Simulium striatum Species Group (Diptera: Simuliidae). Insects. 2025; 16(5):511. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16050511
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdler, Peter H., Sergey Vlasov, Yao-Te Huang, Upik K. Hadi, Khamla Inkhavilay, Banchai Malavong, Varvara Topolenko, Bhuvadol Gomontean, Waraporn Jumpato, Ronnalit Mintara, and et al. 2025. "Rare Chromosomal Uniformity in Black Flies of the Simulium striatum Species Group (Diptera: Simuliidae)" Insects 16, no. 5: 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16050511
APA StyleAdler, P. H., Vlasov, S., Huang, Y.-T., Hadi, U. K., Inkhavilay, K., Malavong, B., Topolenko, V., Gomontean, B., Jumpato, W., Mintara, R., Namtaku, S., Thanee, I., Wannasingha, W., Wongpakam, K., Jaroenchaiwattanachote, C., & Pramual, P. (2025). Rare Chromosomal Uniformity in Black Flies of the Simulium striatum Species Group (Diptera: Simuliidae). Insects, 16(5), 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16050511