Behavioral Suppression and Rapid Lethality: Beauveria bassiana B4 Targets Adult Monochamus alternatus for Sustainable Management of Pine Wilt Disease
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Tested Insects and Fungal Strains
2.2. Preparation of Culture Medium and Fungal Suspensions
2.3. Nonwoven Bags and Attractants
2.4. Preparation and Inoculation of Nonwoven Bags
2.5. Determination of the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana to Monochamus alternatus
2.6. Forest Test of the B4 Strain Combined with Nonwoven Fabric
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Screening the Virulence of Beauveria bassiana Strains Following Infection of Monochamus alternatus Adults
3.2. Symptoms of Beauveria bassiana Infection of Monochamus alternatus Adults
3.3. Determining the Toxicity of Strains B3 and B4 to Monochamus alternatus Adults
3.4. Forest Test of Strain B4 Combined with a Nonwoven Bag
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ANOVA | Analysis of variance |
PDA | Potato Dextrose Agar |
RH | Relative Humidity |
SE | Standard Error |
DMRT | Duncan’s Multiple Range Test |
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Days After Inoculation | Fungal Strains | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | |
1 d | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 6.67 ± 11.55 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 26.67 ± 5.77 a |
3 d | 32.85 ± 15.00 a | 1.95 ± 8.36 b | 1.95 ± 8.36 b | 33.59 ± 18.70 a |
5 d | 34.12 ± 12.23 ab | 1.18 ± 25.45 b | 9.54 ± 18.32 ab | 38.56 ± 12.61 a |
10 d | 40.90 ± 12.19 ab | −1.63 ± 29.30 b | 69.19 ± 28.83 a | 73.11 ± 28.17 a |
15 d | 50.00 ± 7.14 ab | 7.74 ± 26.75 b | 86.31 ± 14.32 a | 80.95 ± 32.99 a |
20 d | 60.07 ± 23.22 a | 17.21 ± 10.56 b | 84.98 ± 15.40 a | 87.18 ± 22.20 a |
25 d | 66.00 ± 19.15 b | 19.56 ± 9.95 c | 89.10 ± 12.80 ab | 94.44 ± 9.62 a |
30 d | 71.13 ± 22.25 b | 19.56 ± 9.95 c | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a |
Strain | LC50 (spores/mL) | 95% FL 1 (spores/mL) | Regression Equation | (χ2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||
B3 | 4.93 × 107 | 7.01 × 106 | 100.323 | y = 0.728x − 5.597 | 11.574 |
B4 | 9.63 × 105 | 3.18 ×105 | 2.89 × 106 | y = 0.326x − 1.949 | 0.847 |
Strain | Spore Concentration (spores/mL) | LT50 (d) | LT90 (d) | Regression Equation | Correlation Coefficient |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B3 | 1 × 108 | 11.36 | 19.93 | y = 0.150x − 1.699 | 0.804 |
1 × 107 | 24.92 | 39.15 | y = 0.900x − 2.243 | 0.896 | |
1 × 106 | 35.23 | 60.86 | y = 0.050x − 1.762 | 0.724 | |
1 × 105 | 37.76 | 57.91 | y = 0.064x − 2.401 | 0.799 | |
1 × 104 | 40.95 | 62.41 | y = 0.060x − 2.444 | 0.750 | |
B4 | 1 × 108 | 6.61 | 19.67 | y = 0.980x − 0.649 | 0.965 |
1 × 107 | 7.47 | 28.64 | y = 0.061x − 0.452 | 0.879 | |
1 × 106 | 12.40 | 41.32 | y = 0.044x − 0.549 | 0.833 | |
1 × 105 | 26.28 | 52.98 | y = 0.048x − 1.262 | 0.786 | |
1 × 104 | 31.33 | 60.64 | y = 0.044x − 1.370 | 0.785 |
Study Year | Time Point | Treatment Group | Mean ± SD | 95% FL 1 (mg/mL) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||
2023 | 30 d | T1 | 9.5 ± 1.9 | 6.5 | 12.5 | p < 0.001 |
- | CK | 28.3 ± 4.1 | 21.7 | 34.8 | - | |
60 d | T1 | 5.0 ± 2.4 | 1.1 | 8.9 | p < 0.001 | |
- | CK | 18.8 ± 3.2 | 13.7 | 23.8 | - | |
One year | T1 | 14.5 ± 2.4 | 10.7 | 18.3 | p < 0.001 | |
- | CK | 47.0 ± 2.8 | 42.5 | 51.5 | - | |
2024 | 30 d | T1 | 3.3 ± 2.8 | −1.1 | 7.6 | 0.002 |
- | CK | 22.5 ± 7.0 | 11.3 | 33.7 | - | |
60 d | T1 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 1.6 | 3.4 | 0.002 | |
- | CK | 14.8 ± 4.6 | 7.5 | 22.0 | - | |
One year | T1 | 5.75 ± 2.75 | 1.37 | 10.13 | p < 0.001 | |
- | CK | 37.3 ± 10.1 | 21.21 | 53.29 | - |
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Zhang, Y.; Zhang, X.; An, L.; Gong, D.; Wang, J.; Bi, H.; Zheng, Y.; Cao, L.; Lu, S. Behavioral Suppression and Rapid Lethality: Beauveria bassiana B4 Targets Adult Monochamus alternatus for Sustainable Management of Pine Wilt Disease. Insects 2025, 16, 1045. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101045
Zhang Y, Zhang X, An L, Gong D, Wang J, Bi H, Zheng Y, Cao L, Lu S. Behavioral Suppression and Rapid Lethality: Beauveria bassiana B4 Targets Adult Monochamus alternatus for Sustainable Management of Pine Wilt Disease. Insects. 2025; 16(10):1045. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101045
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yaqi, Xuejie Zhang, Liudi An, Dongfeng Gong, Jinsheng Wang, Huitao Bi, Yi Zheng, Lei Cao, and Shaohui Lu. 2025. "Behavioral Suppression and Rapid Lethality: Beauveria bassiana B4 Targets Adult Monochamus alternatus for Sustainable Management of Pine Wilt Disease" Insects 16, no. 10: 1045. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101045
APA StyleZhang, Y., Zhang, X., An, L., Gong, D., Wang, J., Bi, H., Zheng, Y., Cao, L., & Lu, S. (2025). Behavioral Suppression and Rapid Lethality: Beauveria bassiana B4 Targets Adult Monochamus alternatus for Sustainable Management of Pine Wilt Disease. Insects, 16(10), 1045. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101045