Efficacy of Pyrethroid–Pyriproxyfen and Pyrethroid–Chlorfenapyr Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) for the Control of Non-Anopheles Mosquitoes: Secondary Analysis from a Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial (cRCT)
by
, , ,
Constantin J. Adoha
1,2,*,†,
Arthur Sovi
2,3,4,*,†,
Boulais Yovogan
1,2,
Bruno Akinro
2,
Manfred Accrombessi
3,
Edouard Dangbénon
2,
Esdras M. Odjo
1,2,
Hermann Watson Sagbohan
1,2,
Casimir Dossou Kpanou
2,
Gil G. Padonou
1,2,
Louisa A. Messenger
3,5, 
Clément Agbangla
1,
Corine Ngufor
2,3,
Jackie Cook
6,
Natacha Protopopoff
3 and
Martin C. Akogbéto
2 1
Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 526, Benin
2
Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin
3
Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Disease Control Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
4
Faculté d’Agronomie, Université de Parakou, Parakou BP 123, Benin
5
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
6
Medical Research Council (MRC) International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Insects 2023, 14(5), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14050417
Submission received: 24 March 2023
/
Revised: 21 April 2023
/
Accepted: 26 April 2023
/
Published: 27 April 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Controlling Mosquitoes to Reduce the Spread of Mosquito-Borne Diseases)
Simple Summary
Failure to control nuisance mosquitoes may potentially affect adherence to vector control tools. In the present study, we examined the impact of two dual-active ingredient (a.i.) long lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN), namely Interceptor G2® LLIN (alpha-cypermethrin-chlorfenapyr LLIN) and Royal Guard® LLIN (alpha-cypermethrin-pyriproxyfen LLIN), on the density of Culex and Mansonia mosquito species as compared to Interceptor® LLIN (alpha-cypermethrin-only LLIN). The study took place over two years in 60 clusters in the Zou region, Benin, with 20 clusters assigned to each of three study arms. Entomological data were collected over nine rounds up to 24 months post-net distribution. Overall, there was no evidence of a significant reduction in the density of Culex spp. And Mansonia spp. in the two dual-a.i. LLIN arms compared to the pyrethroid-only net. Both mosquito genera were found to bite more outdoors, with similar magnitudes of reduction observed in all three study arms in year 2 compared to year 1. Our findings suggest that the three types of LLINs had similar effects on the density of Culex spp. and Mansonia spp. Going forward, the development of interventions which provide control of outdoor biting mosquitoes also needs to be prioritized.
Abstract
The efficacy of a vector control tool in reducing mosquito biting is crucial for its acceptability. The present study compared the vector density of Culex spp. And Mansonia spp. across clusters, which received two dual-active ingredient (a.i.) long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and a standard pyrethroid-only LLIN, and assessed the seasonality of these mosquito genera. A total of 85,723 Culex spp. and 144,025 Mansonia spp. were caught over the study period. The density of Culex and Mansonia was reduced in all three arms over the study period. There was no evidence of a significant reduction in the indoor or outdoor density of Culex spp. in either dual-a.i. LLIN arm as compared to the standard pyrethroid-only net arm. A similar trend was observed with Mansonia spp. A high density of Culex spp. was found both in rainy and dry seasons, while for Mansonia spp., this was mainly observed during the rainy season. These results suggest that the novel insecticides in the dual-a.i. LLINs did not have an additional impact on these species and that pyrethroids might still be effective on them. Further work is required to determine whether these species of mosquitoes have resistance to the insecticides tested in this trial.
