Risk Assessment of Insecticides Used in Tomato to Control Whitefly on the Predator Macrolophus basicornis (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insects
2.2. Insecticides
2.3. Insecticide Exposure for Testing Acute Toxicity
2.4. Determination of LC50 of Harmful Insecticides
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Toxicity Classification
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Active Ingredient | Trade Name | Chemical Group | Exposure Route | Mode of Action | Field Rate (g or mL 100 L−1) | Field Rate (g a.i. ha−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a.i. | c.p. | ||||||
Acetamiprid | Mospilan WG | Neonicotinoid | Systemic | Competitive modulator of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors | 21.8 | 30 | 87 |
Bifenthrin | Seizer® 10 EC | Pyrethroid | Contact and ingestion | Sodium channel modulator | 1.5 | 15 | 15 |
Buprofezin | Applaud® 25 WP | Thiadiazinone | Contact | Chitin synthesis inhibitors | 50 | 200 | 500 |
Cyantraniliprole | Benevia® 10 OD | Diamide | Systemic and contact | Ryanodine receptor modulator | 12.5 | 125 | 50 |
Etofenprox + acetamiprid | Eleitto® 30 + 16.7 OD | Pyrethroid + Neonicotinoid | Systemic and contact | Sodium channel modulator + competitive modulator of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors | 12 + 6.8 | 40 | 120 + 66.8 |
Pyriproxyfen + acetamiprid | Privilege® 10 + 20 OD | Pyridyloxypropyl ether + Neonicotinoid | Contact, ingestion, translaminar and systemic | Juvenile hormone mimics + Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (NACHR) competitive modulators | 3 + 6 | 30 | 30 + 60 |
Spiromesifen | Oberon® 24 SC | Cetoenol | Contact and ingestion | Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase | 14.4 | 60 | 144 |
Treatment | Number of Live Nymphs (n = 15) | Ma (%) * | Class 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
24 h | 48 h | 72 h | |||
Control | 14.5 ± 0.3 a | 14.0 ± 0.3 a | 13.8 ± 0.3 a | - | - |
Acetamiprid | 3.3 ± 1.7 b | 1.0 ± 0.7 b | 0.2 ± 0.2 b | 99.9 | 4 |
Bifenthrin | 4.2 ± 1.3 b | 0.7 ± 0.5 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 b | 100.0 | 4 |
Buprofezin | 14.5 ± 0.2 a | 14.0 ± 0.2 a | 13.8 ± 0.3 a | 0.0 | 1 |
Cyantraniliprole | 14.5 ± 0.2 a | 14.0 ± 0.5 a | 13.6 ± 0.5 a | 0.8 | 1 |
Etofenprox + acetamiprid | 4.0 ± 0.9 b | 0.7 ± 0.3 b | 0.2 ± 0.2 b | 99.9 | 4 |
Pyriproxyfen + acetamiprid | 3.0 ± 1.1 b | 1.7 ± 0.9 b | 1.2 ± 0.9 b | 87.4 | 4 |
Spiromesifen | 14.8 ± 0.2 a | 14.6 ± 0.2 a | 14.0 ± 0.4 a | 0.0 | 1 |
χ2 | 37.3 | 37.6 | 39.0 | - | - |
df | 7 | 7 | 7 | - | - |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | - | - |
Treatment | Number of Live Adults (n = 15) | Ma (%) * | Class 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
24 h | 48 h | 72 h | |||
Control | 14.5 ± 0.2 a | 14.5 ± 0.2 a | 14.3 ± 0.3 a | - | - |
Acetamiprid | 4.1 ± 1.1 c | 2.2 ± 0.9 c | 0.2 ± 0.2 c | 98.6 | 4 |
Bifenthrin | 6.8 ± 0.8 b | 5.2 ± 0.8 b | 2.8 ± 0.3 b | 80.3 | 4 |
Buprofezin | 14.0 ± 0.4 a | 14.0 ± 0.4 a | 14.0 ± 0.4 a | 2.1 | 1 |
Cyantraniliprole | 14.3 ± 0.3 a | 14.0 ± 0.4 a | 13.8 ± 0.5 a | 3.5 | 1 |
Etofenprox + acetamiprid | 6.2 ± 0.9 b | 2.6 ± 1.0 c | 0.5 ± 0.3 c | 96.5 | 4 |
Pyriproxyfen + acetamiprid | 7.8 ± 0.9 b | 5.2 ± 0.9 b | 1.8 ± 0.5 b | 87.4 | 4 |
Spiromesifen | 14.5 ± 0.2 a | 14.3 ± 0.2 a | 14.3 ± 0.2 a | 0.0 | 1 |
CV (%) | 17.9 | 19.8 | 12.9 | - | - |
F | 34.9 | 60.9 | 288.2 | - | - |
df | 7 | 7 | 7 | - | - |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | - | - |
Treatment | LT50 (95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Third-Instar Nymphs | Adults | |||
Control | 55.0 (48.8–61.1) | a | 26.4 (23.7–29.1) | a |
Acetamiprid | 1.9 (1.5–2.2) | b | 2.2 (1.7–2.5) | b |
Bifenthrin | 2.1 (1.7–2.5) | b | 3.2 (2.6–3.8) | b |
Buprofezin | 51.1 (45.1–57.1) | a | 28.5 (25.1–31.8) | a |
Cyantraniliprole | 58.9 (52.7–65.2) | a | 26.5 (23.3–29.8) | a |
Etofenprox + acetamiprid | 2.1 (1.7–2.4) | b | 2.5 (2.1–2.9) | b |
Pyriproxyfen + acetamiprid | 1.8 (1.5–2.1) | b | 3.2 (2.8–3.6) | b |
Spiromesifen | 55.4 (49.5–61.3) | a | 22.6 (20.5–24.7) | a |
χ2 | 686.96 | 661.1 | ||
df | 7 | 7 | ||
p | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Insecticides | LC50 (95% CI) (mg a.i. L−1) | χ2 | df | RQ | Category * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acetamiprid | 0.26 (0.16–0.35) | 11.58 | 4 | 334.6 | 2 |
Bifenthrin | 0.38 (0.29–0.48) | 30.34 | 7 | 3.95 | 1 |
Etofenprox + acetamiprid | 4.80 (3.28–6.31) | 32.07 | 5 | 38.91 | 1 |
Pyriproxyfen + acetamiprid | 8.71 (6.18–11.25) | 65.86 | 4 | 10.33 | 1 |
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Matioli, T.F.; da Silva, M.R.; de Bastos Pazini, J.; Barroso, G.; Vieira, J.G.A.; Yamamoto, P.T. Risk Assessment of Insecticides Used in Tomato to Control Whitefly on the Predator Macrolophus basicornis (Hemiptera: Miridae). Insects 2021, 12, 1092. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12121092
Matioli TF, da Silva MR, de Bastos Pazini J, Barroso G, Vieira JGA, Yamamoto PT. Risk Assessment of Insecticides Used in Tomato to Control Whitefly on the Predator Macrolophus basicornis (Hemiptera: Miridae). Insects. 2021; 12(12):1092. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12121092
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatioli, Thaís Fagundes, Mariana Rosa da Silva, Juliano de Bastos Pazini, Geovanny Barroso, Júlia Gabriela Aleixo Vieira, and Pedro Takao Yamamoto. 2021. "Risk Assessment of Insecticides Used in Tomato to Control Whitefly on the Predator Macrolophus basicornis (Hemiptera: Miridae)" Insects 12, no. 12: 1092. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12121092