Structure of the Assemblages of Spiders in Mediterranean Pear Orchards and the Effect of Intensity of Spraying
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Location, Setting, and Management of the Orchards
2.2. Sampling of Spiders
2.3. Data Analyses
2.3.1. Analysis of the Richness of Genera
2.3.2. Analysis of the Abundance and Population Dynamics of Spiders
2.3.3. Analysis of the Structure of Spider Assemblages
3. Results
3.1. Samples, Composition, and Richness of the Spider Assemblage
3.2. Population Dynamics of Spiders
3.3. Abundance and Trend of Families/Guilds
3.4. Structure of the Assemblage of Spiders
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Basic Guild | Guild | Family | LISO | CO |
---|---|---|---|---|
WEB BUILDERS | Space web builders | THERIDIIDAE | 116 | 98 |
Orb weavers | ARANEIDAE | 80 | 81 | |
ULOBORIDAE | 1 | 3 | ||
Wandering sheet/Tangle weavers | LINYPHIIDAE | 39 | 50 | |
WANDERING SPIDERS | Ambushers | PHILODROMIDAE | 448 | 204 |
PISAURIDAE | 15 | 14 | ||
THOMISIDAE | 55 | 55 | ||
Stalkers | SALTICIDAE | 243 | 67 | |
OXYOPIDAE | 175 | 230 | ||
Foliage runners | CLUBIONIDAE | 1 | 0 | |
CHEIRACANTHIIDAE | 197 | 49 | ||
SPARASIDAE | 1 | 0 | ||
Ground runners | GNAPHOSIDAE | 9 | 3 |
Intensity of Spraying | Year | Interaction | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Family | χ2(1) | p-Value | χ2(2) | p-Value | χ2(2) | p-Value |
Philodromidae | 9.253 | 0.002 | 2.158 | 0.340 | 1.023 | 0.600 |
Oxyopidae | 1.992 | 0.158 | 13.656 | 0.001 | 1.682 | 0.431 |
Salticidae | 20.570 | <0.001 | 15.422 | <0.001 | 1.493 | 0.474 |
Cheiracanthiidae | 21.872 | <0.001 | 16.956 | <0.001 | 2.959 | 0.228 |
Theridiidae | 0.930 | 0.335 | 39.648 | <0.001 | 0.630 | 0.730 |
Araneidae | 0.373 | 0.541 | 7.803 | 0.020 | 2.045 | 0.360 |
Thomisidae | 2.248 | 0.134 | 7.783 | 0.020 | 3.254 | 0.196 |
Linyphiidae | 3.150 | 0.076 | 3.918 | 0.141 | 2.002 | 0.367 |
Intensity of Spraying | Year | Interaction | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Guild | χ2(1) | p-Value | χ2(2) | p-Value | χ2(2) | p-Value |
Ambushers | 6.991 | 0.008 | 2.951 | 0.229 | 2.588 | 0.274 |
Stalkers | 2.232 | 0.135 | 12.258 | 0.002 | 1.160 | 0.560 |
Foliage Runners | 35.732 | <0.001 | 29.338 | <0.001 | 5.8179 | 0.054 |
Space web builders | 0.982 | 0.322 | 53.939 | <0.001 | 0.247 | 0.884 |
Orb Weavers | 0.185 | 0.667 | 15.496 | <0.001 | 1.533 | 0.465 |
Tangle Weavers | 0.148 | 0.701 | 6.038 | 0.049 | 3.329 | 0.189 |
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de Pedro, L.; Ortín-Angulo, M.C.; Miñano, J.; López-Gallego, E.; Sanchez, J.A. Structure of the Assemblages of Spiders in Mediterranean Pear Orchards and the Effect of Intensity of Spraying. Insects 2020, 11, 553. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11090553
de Pedro L, Ortín-Angulo MC, Miñano J, López-Gallego E, Sanchez JA. Structure of the Assemblages of Spiders in Mediterranean Pear Orchards and the Effect of Intensity of Spraying. Insects. 2020; 11(9):553. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11090553
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Pedro, Luis, María Carmen Ortín-Angulo, Jesús Miñano, Elena López-Gallego, and Juan Antonio Sanchez. 2020. "Structure of the Assemblages of Spiders in Mediterranean Pear Orchards and the Effect of Intensity of Spraying" Insects 11, no. 9: 553. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11090553