The Effect of Increasing Topsoil Disturbance on Surface-Active Invertebrate Composition and Abundance under Grazing and Cropping Regimes on Vertisols in North-West New South Wales, Australia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Do invertebrate taxa and their levels of surface-active abundance vary seasonally (winter, spring, summer and autumn)?
- (2)
- Do invertebrate taxa and their seasonal abundance vary under grazing and cropping land use types?
- (3)
- Were there fewer invertebrate taxa and lower abundance where fallow length is shorter and tillage more intense?
2. Materials and Methods
- (1)
- Seasonality (winter, spring, summer and autumn) within year of collection,
- (2)
- Land use type (either cropped or grazed) and
- (3)
- Agricultural management regimes (NP, IP, LFZ, SFZ, LFC, SFC) across a topsoil disturbance typology (Table 1).
3. Results
3.1. Non-Formicidae (Other Invertebrates excluding Ants) Abundance
3.2. Formicidae Composition and Abundance (Ants)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Land Use Types | Agricultural Management Regime | Tillage Intensity (Number of Passes) | Length of Fallow (Months) | Stocking Density (dse/ha/yr) | Pesticide/Herbicide Spraying (Number of Passes) | Overall Level of Topsoil Disturbance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grazing | NP | None | None | 3 | None | Low |
IP | None | None | 9 | None | Low | |
Cropping | LFZ | 0 | 12–18 | None | 0–1 | Low–Moderate |
SFZ | 0 | 6–9 | None | 1–3 | Moderate | |
LFC | 3 | 12–18 | None | 0–1 | Moderate–High | |
SFC | 6 | 6–9 | None | 1–2 | High |
Taxa | No | % | Taxa | No | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hymenoptera (Ants only) | 44,658 | 47.2 | Diplopoda | 855 | 0.9 |
Diptera | 15,402 | 16.3 | Dermaptera | 812 | 0.9 |
Coleoptera | 15,231 | 16.1 | Blattodea | 543 | 0.6 |
Orthoptera | 4750 | 5.0 | Thysanoptera | 411 | 0.4 |
Hemiptera | 3472 | 3.7 | Chilopoda | 166 | 0.2 |
Araneae | 3467 | 3.7 | Lepidoptera | 129 | 0.1 |
Acarina | 2960 | 3.1 | Isopoda | 117 | 0.1 |
Hymenoptera (no Ants) | 1552 | 1.6 | Mecoptera | 34 | 0.04 |
Grand total | 94,557 |
Taxa | Season | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Autumn | Winter | Spring | Summer | |
Formicidae (Ants) | 192.9 b | 100.3 b | 180.5 b | 455.8 a |
(23.2) | (21.3) | (24.3) | (93.8) | |
Iridomyrmex | 68.2 b | 30.6 b | 61.3 b | 248 a |
(14.8) | (9) | (12.7) | (70.9) | |
Pheidole | 59.3 b | 42.8 b | 45.2 b | 120 a |
(8.6) | (16.8) | (8.1) | (33.8) | |
Rhytidoponera | 76.2 a | 26.6 b | 72.9 a | 77.8 a |
(19.4) | (7.6) | (19.2) | (19.9) | |
Coleoptera | 39.2 b | 134.8 a | 93.6 ab | 61.1 ab |
(5) | (42.6) | (13.3) | (9.9) | |
Hemiptera | 25.1 | 8.3 | 30 | 9 |
(10.7) | (2.1) | (20.5) | (2.4) | |
Araneae | 21.8 a | 13.3 b | 27.7 a | 29.4 a |
(4.2) | (4) | (4) | (4) | |
Hymenoptera (excluding ants) | 9.1 ab | 3.0 c | 13.6 a | 6.7 bc |
(0.9) | (0.7) | (2.8) | (1) | |
Acarina | 4.7 b | 24.4 a | 5.5 b | 10.9 ab |
(0.9) | (9.7) | (1.2) | (2.3) |
Taxa | Land Use Type | Management Regimes | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grazing | Cropping | NP | IP | LFZ | SFZ | LFC | SFC | |
Formicidae (Ants) | 383.2 a | 157.0 b | 517.8 a | 248.6 ab | 206.6 ab | 181.9 b | 109.7 b | 155.3 b |
(70.6) | (16.7) | (133) | (36.3) | (72.3) | (35) | (36.3) | (24.4) | |
Iridomyrmex | 191.0 a | 57.5 b | 359.3 a | 22.8 b | 24.5 b | 59.2 b | 96.5 b | 41.3 b |
(54.4) | (8.1) | (101) | (5.6) | (15.7) | (17.4) | (22.1) | (8.1) | |
Pheidole | 118.6 a | 32.5 b | 128 a | 109 ab | 120 ab | 22.2 bc | 5.4 c | 28.2 bc |
(22.3) | (9.4) | (38.8) | (22.5) | (71.4) | (4.9) | (2.9) | (3.8) | |
Rhytidoponera | 64.1 a | 63.0 a | 20.8 bc | 107.5 a | 59.8 ab | 97.3 ab | 0.84 c | 82.6 ab |
(13.5) | (11.3) | (5.3) | (24.3) | (16.5) | (28.7) | (0.3) | (21) | |
Coleoptera | 45.1 b | 100.7 a | 53.7 b | 36.5 b | 74.5 ab | 67.7 ab | 106.7 a | 127.5 a |
(5.5) | (17.1) | (9.8) | (4.8) | (13.7) | (18.3) | (18.5) | (42) | |
Araneae | 29.0 a | 20.0 b | 23.8 ab | 34.2 a | 20.5 b | 16.4 b | 23.7 ab | 19.9 b |
(3.1) | (1.7) | (3.4) | (5) | (4.4) | (1.9) | (4.4) | (2.8) | |
Acarina | 18.2 a | 7.9 b | 8.7 b | 27.8 a | 2.3 b | 5.3 b | 8.3 b | 11.4 b |
(4.3) | (3.2) | (1.7) | (8.1) | (0.9) | (1.8) | (2.8) | (8.2) | |
Hymenoptera (excluding ants) | 9.5 a | 7.4 a | 9.7 ab | 9.3 ab | 10.4 ab | 3.8 b | 13.3 a | 5.0 b |
(1) | (1.2) | (1.4) | (1.4) | (4.1) | (0.8) | (3.8) | (0.7) |
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Nkem, J.N.; Lobry de Bruyn, L.; King, K. The Effect of Increasing Topsoil Disturbance on Surface-Active Invertebrate Composition and Abundance under Grazing and Cropping Regimes on Vertisols in North-West New South Wales, Australia. Insects 2020, 11, 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11040237
Nkem JN, Lobry de Bruyn L, King K. The Effect of Increasing Topsoil Disturbance on Surface-Active Invertebrate Composition and Abundance under Grazing and Cropping Regimes on Vertisols in North-West New South Wales, Australia. Insects. 2020; 11(4):237. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11040237
Chicago/Turabian StyleNkem, Johnson N., Lisa Lobry de Bruyn, and Kathleen King. 2020. "The Effect of Increasing Topsoil Disturbance on Surface-Active Invertebrate Composition and Abundance under Grazing and Cropping Regimes on Vertisols in North-West New South Wales, Australia" Insects 11, no. 4: 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11040237