The Role of Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) as a Potential Dispersive Agent of Noctuid Baculoviruses
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biological Material
2.1.1. Viruses
2.1.2. Insects
2.2. Presence of the OBs in Drop and Meconium
2.3. Infection of Healthy L2 S. exigua with Suspensions of OBs Obtained from C. carnea Excretion Products
2.4. Infection of Healthy L2 S. exigua via Direct Deposition of C. carnea Excretion Products
2.5. Chrysoperla carnea Fitness Evaluation after Prey-Mediated Ingestion of SeMNPV and AcMNPV
2.6. Chrysoperla carnea Choice Tests
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Presence of OBs in C. carnea Excretion Products
3.2. Infection of L2 S. exigua with Suspensions of OBs Obtained from C. carnea Excretion Products
3.3. Infection of L2 S. exigua via Direct Deposition of C. carnea Excretion Products
3.4. Chrysoperla carnea Fitness Evaluation after Prey-Mediated Ingestion of SeMNPV and AcMNPV
3.5. Chrysoperla carnea Choice Tests
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Drop | Meconium | |
---|---|---|
SeMNPV | 1.06 × 106 ± 1.38 × 105 | 5.11 × 106 ± 6.06 × 105 |
AcMNPV | 8.58 × 105 ± 5.99 × 104 | 5.14 × 106 ± 2.62 × 105 |
Treatment | Infected with Suspension of OBs | Infected Directly with OBs | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MTD 1 (Days) | 95% Confidence Limits | MTD 1 (Days) | 95% Confidence Limits | |||
SeMNPV drops | 6 a | 5.4 | 6.6 | 5 a | 4.8 | 5.2 |
AcMNPV drops | 6 a | 5.4 | 6.6 | 5 ab | 4.3 | 5.7 |
SeMNPV meconia | 5 b | 4.7 | 5.3 | 7 b | 5.6 | 8.4 |
AcMNPV meconia | 5 b | 4.9 | 5.1 | 7 b | 6.1 | 7.9 |
Treatment | L3 Instar | Pupal Stage | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Consumption Rate 1 | Developmental Time (Days) 2 | Pupation n (%) 3 | Developmental Time (Days) 4 | Pupal Weight (mg) 5 | |
HL | 8.70 ± 0.10 a | 4.59 ± 0.15 a | 44 a (78.60) | 9.62 ± 0.10 a | 10.56 ± 0.21 a |
SeMNPV-IL | 8.52 ± 0.09 a | 5.08 ± 0.16 b | 50 a (89.30) | 9.70 ± 0.11 a | 9.65 ± 0.22 b |
AcMNPV-IL | 8.69 ± 0.10 a | 5.96 ± 0.17 c | 50 a (89.30) | 11.09 ± 0.11 b | 9.45 ± 0.24 b |
Treatment | Emergence 1 n (%) | Females/Males (n) 2 | Preoviposition (Days) 3 | Fecundity (Eggs/Day−1) 4 | Fertility (%) 5 | Adult Weight (mg) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
♀ 6 | ♂ 7 | ||||||
HL | 42 a (95.50) | 22/20 a | 5.25 ± 0.13 a | 18.51 ± 3.43 a | 85.56 ± 2.00 a | 21.41 ± 0.65 a | 8.57 ± 0.25 a |
SeMNPV-IL | 46 a (92.00) | 16/30 a | 5.50 ± 0.15 a | 10.75 ± 1.44 a | 82.52 ± 6.77 a | 21.88 ± 0.69 a | 8.50 ± 0.28 a |
AcMNPV-IL | 46 a (92.00) | 17/29 a | 6.67 ± 0.31 b | 14.36 ± 3.20 a | 83.26 ± 3.25 a | 22.69 ± 0.63 a | 8.33 ± 0.27 a |
Infected vs. Healthy S. exigua Larvae | ||||
SeMNPV | AcMNPV | |||
First Attack | Searching Time | First Attack | Searching Time | |
Infected larvae | 20 a | 9.96 ± 2.14 a | 21 a | 6.70 ± 1.93 a |
Healthy larvae | 22 a | 8.75 ± 1.41 a | 19 a | 8.24 ± 1.62 a |
X2 1 = 0.95; p = 0.758 | F1,40 = 0.23; p = 0.635 | X2 1 = 0.10; p = 0.752 | F1,37 = 0.38; p = 0.543 | |
Infected S. exigua Larvae vs. M. euphorbiae | ||||
SeMNPV | AcMNPV | |||
First Attack | Searching Time | First Attack | Searching Time | |
Infected larvae | 33 a | 7.63 ± 1.41 a | 28 a | 8.55 ± 1.43 a |
M. euphorbiae | 7 b | 11.66 ± 2.98 a | 12 b | 9.86 ± 1.92 a |
X2 1 = 16.90; p < 0.001 | F1,38 = 1.44; p = 0.238 | X2 1 = 6.40; p = 0.011 | F1,37 = 0.27; p = 0.609 | |
Healthy S. exigua Larvae vs. M. euphorbiae | ||||
First Attack | Searching Time | |||
Healthy larvae | 34 a | 14.01 ± 9.35 a | ||
M. euphorbiae | 12 b | 11.01 ± 6.86 a | ||
X2 1 = 5.58; p = 0.018 | F1,45 = 1.02; p = 0.317 |
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Gutiérrez-Cárdenas, O.G.; Adán, Á.; Beperet, I.; Medina, P.; Caballero, P.; Garzón, A. The Role of Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) as a Potential Dispersive Agent of Noctuid Baculoviruses. Insects 2020, 11, 760. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11110760
Gutiérrez-Cárdenas OG, Adán Á, Beperet I, Medina P, Caballero P, Garzón A. The Role of Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) as a Potential Dispersive Agent of Noctuid Baculoviruses. Insects. 2020; 11(11):760. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11110760
Chicago/Turabian StyleGutiérrez-Cárdenas, Oscar Giovanni, Ángeles Adán, Inés Beperet, Pilar Medina, Primitivo Caballero, and Agustín Garzón. 2020. "The Role of Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) as a Potential Dispersive Agent of Noctuid Baculoviruses" Insects 11, no. 11: 760. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11110760