Ontogenesis of Aldehyde Pheromones in Two Synanthropic Bed Bug Species (Heteroptera: Cimicidae)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insects
2.2. Nymphs (Solvent Extraction of Exuviae)
2.3. Adults
2.4. Quantification
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Nymphs (Solvent Extraction of Exuviae)
3.2. Adults
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cimex lectularius | ||||||||||
Compound | Instar | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | Fourth | Fifth | ||||||
Mean ± SE | % abundance | Mean ± SE | % abundance | Mean ± SE | % abundance | Mean ± SE | % abundance | Mean ± SE | % abundance | |
(E)-2-hexenal | 0.018 ± 0.002 a | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 0.074 ± 0.007 ab | 7.6 ± 0.8 | 0.158 ± 0.012 bc | 8.7 ± 0.8 | 0.315 ± 0.049 c | 11.6 ± 1.2 | 1.326 ± 0.292 c | 17.5 ± 1.8 |
4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal | 0.083 ± 0.005 a | 26.9 ± 0.4 | 0.219 ± 0.020 a | 21.5 ± 1.3 | 0.628 ± 0.040 b | 33.2 ± 1.3 | 0.690 ± 0.101 b | 24.7 ± 1.7 | 1.472 ± 0.293 b | 21.1 ± 0.9 |
(E)-2-octenal | 0.159 ± 0.010 a | 51.7 ± 0.4 | 0.586 ± 0.043 ab | 57.6 ± 0.9 | 0.951 ± 0.103 bc | 48.2 ± 1.4 | 1.496 ± 0.154 cd | 55.9 ± 1.6 | 3.624 ± 0.646 d | 56.2 ± 1.7 |
4-oxo-(E)-2-octenal | 0.048 ± 0.003 a | 15.8 ± 0.5 | 0.137 ± 0.013 b | 13.3 ± 0.6 | 0.198 ± 0.026 bc | 9.9 ± 0.6 | 0.217 ± 0.031 bc | 7.8 ± 0.5 | 0.311 ± 0.053 c | 5.3 ± 0.6 |
Cimex hemipterus | ||||||||||
Compound | Instar | |||||||||
First | Second | Third | Fourth | Fifth | ||||||
Mean ± SE | % abundance | Mean ± SE | % abundance | Mean ± SE | % abundance | Mean ± SE | % abundance | Mean ± SE | % abundance | |
(E)-2-hexenal | 0.006 ± 0.002 a | 4.0 ± 0.6 | 0.022 ± 0.007 ab | 7.7 ± 1.2 | 0.255 ± 0.054 bc | 15.7 ± 1.2 | 0.854 ± 0.148 cd | 24.3 ± 1.4 | 1.460 ± 0.174 d | 20.6 ± 1.4 |
4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal | 0.038 ± 0.008 a | 30.0 ± 1.4 | 0.079 ± 0.019 a | 32.6 ± 2.7 | 0.565 ± 0.083 b | 37.9 ± 1.1 | 1.178 ± 0.133 bc | 35.6 ± 1.1 | 2.639 ± 0.269 c | 37.1 ± 1.1 |
(E)-2-octenal | 0.075 ± 0.013 a | 64.8 ± 1.8 | 0.119 ± 0.022 a | 59.4 ± 3.4 | 0.658 ± 0.075 b | 46.2 ± 1.6 | 1.297 ± 0.135 bc | 39.8 ± 1.0 | 2.922 ± 0.285 c | 41.6 ± 0.9 |
4-oxo-(E)-2-octenal | 0.001 ± 0.0003 ab | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 0.001 ± 0.0005 b | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.004 ± 0.002 ab | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.010 ± 0.002 bc | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.049 ± 0.009 c | 0.7 ± 0.1 |
Instar | Compound | Cimex lectularius (Mean ± SE; µg/exuvia) | Cimex hemipterus (Mean ± SE; µg/exuvia) |
---|---|---|---|
First | (E)-2-hexenal | 0.018 ± 0.002 | 0.006 ± 0.002 *** |
4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal | 0.083 ± 0.005 | 0.038 ± 0.008 ** | |
(E)-2-octenal | 0.159 ± 0.010 | 0.075 ± 0.013 *** | |
4-oxo-(E)-2-octenal | 0.048 ± 0.003 | 0.001 ± 0.0003 *** | |
Second | (E)-2-hexenal | 0.074 ± 0.007 | 0.022 ± 0.007 ** |
4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal | 0.219 ± 0.020 | 0.079 ± 0.019 *** | |
(E)-2-octenal | 0.586 ± 0.043 | 0.119 ± 0.022 *** | |
4-oxo-(E)-2-octenal | 0.137 ± 0.013 | 0.001 ± 0.0005 *** | |
Third | (E)-2-hexenal | 0.158 ± 0.012 | 0.255 ± 0.054 |
4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal | 0.628 ± 0.040 | 0.565 ± 0.083 | |
(E)-2-octenal | 0.951 ± 0.103 | 0.658 ± 0.075 | |
4-oxo-(E)-2-octenal | 0.198 ± 0.026 | 0.004 ± 0.002 *** | |
Fourth | (E)-2-hexenal | 0.315 ± 0.049 | 0.854 ± 0.148 ** |
4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal | 0.690 ± 0.101 | 1.178 ± 0.133 * | |
(E)-2-octenal | 1.496 ± 0.154 | 1.297 ± 0.135 | |
4-oxo-(E)-2-octenal | 0.217 ± 0.031 | 0.010 ± 0.002 *** | |
Fifth | (E)-2-hexenal | 1.326 ± 0.292 | 1.460 ± 0.174 |
4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal | 1.472 ± 0.293 | 2.639 ± 0.269 * | |
(E)-2-octenal | 3.624 ± 0.646 | 2.922 ± 0.285 | |
4-oxo-(E)-2-octenal | 0.311 ± 0.053 | 0.049 ± 0.009 *** |
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Dery, M.; Arriola, K.; Lee, C.-Y.; Choe, D.-H. Ontogenesis of Aldehyde Pheromones in Two Synanthropic Bed Bug Species (Heteroptera: Cimicidae). Insects 2020, 11, 759. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11110759
Dery M, Arriola K, Lee C-Y, Choe D-H. Ontogenesis of Aldehyde Pheromones in Two Synanthropic Bed Bug Species (Heteroptera: Cimicidae). Insects. 2020; 11(11):759. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11110759
Chicago/Turabian StyleDery, Mark, Kyle Arriola, Chow-Yang Lee, and Dong-Hwan Choe. 2020. "Ontogenesis of Aldehyde Pheromones in Two Synanthropic Bed Bug Species (Heteroptera: Cimicidae)" Insects 11, no. 11: 759. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11110759