Butterfly Conservation in China: From Science to Action
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. China’s Butterfly Diversity and Threats
3. China Butterfly Conservation: Current Situation and Gaps
3.1. Current Conservation Modes
3.1.1. Protected Areas
3.1.2. Legislation and Protected Species Lists
3.1.3. National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy
3.2. Gaps and Challenges
3.2.1. Lack of Holistic Conservation Research
3.2.2. Bias in Protected Species
3.2.3. Unregulated Commercial Collection
4. Recommendations of Future Butterfly Conservation
4.1. Improving Conservation Science
4.1.1. Revising the Protected Species Lists
4.1.2. Identify High Priority Areas and Refugia
4.1.3. Assessing Genetic Diversity
4.1.4. Using Umbrella Species to Boost Conservation
4.2. Wise Land Use Management
4.2.1. Butterfly-Friendly Agriculture
4.2.2. Butterfly-Friendly Urban Green Spaces
4.2.3. Increasing Diversity in Reforestation
4.2.4. Protection of Traditional Forests
4.3. Pros and Cons of Butterfly Ranching and Collecting
4.3.1. Ranching over Collecting
4.3.2. Developing and Enforcing Regulations for Collecting
4.4. Increasing Public Involvement
4.4.1. Adoption of Citizen Science
4.4.2. Elevation of Public Awareness
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Protected Species | Larval Food Plants | Sheltered Species |
---|---|---|
Teinopalpus aureus | Magnolia spp., Michelia spp. (magnolia) | Teinopalpus imperialis, Graphium agamemnon, G. doson, G. chironides |
Bhutanitis thaidina and B. mansfieldi | Aristolochia spp. (birthwort, pipevine, Dutchman’s pipe) | Byasa plutonius, B. nevilli, B. latreillei, B. polla, B. hedistus, B. polyeuctes, B. daemonius, B. rhadinus, B. confusa, B. impediens, Pachliopta aristolochiae, Troides aeacus, Bhutanitis lidderdalii |
Luehdorfia chinensis | Asarum spp. (wild ginger) | Luehdorfia longicaudata |
Parnassius apollo | Rhodiola spp. (golden root, rose root) | Parnassius nomion, P. epaphus, P. mercurius, P. actius, P. tianschanicus, P. apollonius |
Plants | Related Butterflies | Function | Economic Benefits |
---|---|---|---|
Zanthoxylum spp. (prickly ash or huajiao) | Papilio xuthus, P. bianor, P. maackii, P. helenus (feeding) | food plants | fruits as spice |
Citrus maxima (pomelo) | Papilio memnon, P. protenor, P. polytes, P. demoleus (feeding) | food plants | fruits for market or family consumption |
Vicia spp. (vetches) | Colias poliographus, C. fieldii, Lampides boeticus (feeding); Papilio spp., Byasa spp., Pieris spp., Pontia spp., Gonepteryx spp., Tirumala spp., Parantica spp., Vanessa spp., Heliophorus spp., Hesperiidae (flower visiting) | food plants, nectar sources | nitrogen fixation, whole plant as green manure improving soil quality |
Brassica rapa (field mustard) | Pieris rapa, P. canidia (feeding) Papilio machaon, Colias spp., Pontia daplidice, Heliophorus spp., Ahlbergia spp. (flower visiting) | food plants, nectar sources | flowers for bee keeping and honey production, fruits for the oil industry |
Tagetes erecta (marigold) | Papilio spp., Pieris spp., Pontia daplidice, Colias spp., Gonepteryx spp., Danaus spp., Tirumala spp., Parantica spp., Argynnis spp., Vanessa spp., Hesperiidae (flower visiting) | nectar source | flower as material for the carotene industry |
Habitat | Habitat Type | Common Butterfly Species |
---|---|---|
Kunming Zoo | Mostly unmanaged green space with sparse animal keeping areas | Graphium sarpedon, G. cloanthus, Papilio bianor, P. xuthus, P. polytes, Ixias pyrene, Cepora nerissa, Hebomoia glaucippe, Pieris rapae, P. melete, Prioneris thestylis, Delias belladonna, Appias albina, Catopsilia pomona, Eurema laeta, E. hecabe, Gonepteryx chinensis, G. amintha, Danaus chrysippus, D. genutia, Parantica sita, P. swinhoei, Tirumala septentrionis, Euploea mulciber, Vanessa cadui, V. indica, Hypolimnas bolina, Hestina persimilis, Apatura ilia, Polyura dolon, Tongeia ion, Celastrina oreas, Lampides boeticus, Jamides bochus |
Yunnan University | Carefully managed campus with unmanaged green spaces along hill slopes | Papilio bianor, P. xuthus, Ixias pyrene, Cepora nerissa, Appias albina, Catopsilia pomona, Eurema laeta, Parantica sita, Vanessa cadui, Hestina persimilis, Tongeia ion |
Kunming street type 1 | managed street with various camphor trees | Graphium sarpedon, G. cloanthus |
Kunming street type 2 | managed street with jacaranda trees | no resident butterfly species |
Priority Areas | Recommendations | Priority Areas Targeted by The Recommendation |
---|---|---|
1-Improve the policy and legal system of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use | Revise the Protected Species Lists | 1, 3, 4 |
2-Incorporate biodiversity conservation into sectoral and regional planning and promote sustainable use | Identify High Priority Areas and Refugia | 2, 3, 4, 8, 9 |
3-Identify, evaluate, and monitor biodiversity | Use Umbrella Species to Boost Conservation | 4 |
4-Strengthen in situ biodiversity conservation | Encourage Butterfly-friendly Agricultural Methods | 2, 4, 6, 10 |
5-Carry out ex-situ conservation based on science | Promote Butterfly-friendly Urban Spaces | 2, 4, 10 |
6-Promote rational use and benefit sharing of biological genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge | Increase Diversity in Reforestation Programmes | 2, 4 |
7-Strengthen biosafety management of invasive alien species and genetically modified organisms | Protect Traditional Forests | 2, 4, 6, 10 |
8-Improve capacities to cope with climate change | Promote Appropriate Butterfly Ranching and Farming | 4, 5, 6, 10 |
9-Strengthen scientific research and human resources development in the field of biodiversity | Develop and Enforce Regulations for Butterfly Collection | 1, 6, 9, 10 |
10-Establish public participatory mechanisms and partnerships for biodiversity conservation | Adopt Citizen Science Campaigns | 3, 4, 7, 9, 10 |
Promote Public Awareness and Educational Opportunities | 10 | |
Revise the Wildlife Protection Law to incorporate the Critical Habitat concept | 1, 4 |
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Share and Cite
Wang, W.-L.; Suman, D.O.; Zhang, H.-H.; Xu, Z.-B.; Ma, F.-Z.; Hu, S.-J. Butterfly Conservation in China: From Science to Action. Insects 2020, 11, 661. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11100661
Wang W-L, Suman DO, Zhang H-H, Xu Z-B, Ma F-Z, Hu S-J. Butterfly Conservation in China: From Science to Action. Insects. 2020; 11(10):661. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11100661
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Wen-Ling, Daniel O. Suman, Hui-Hong Zhang, Zhen-Bang Xu, Fang-Zhou Ma, and Shao-Ji Hu. 2020. "Butterfly Conservation in China: From Science to Action" Insects 11, no. 10: 661. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11100661