Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Natural Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridea) Populations in China as Revealed by Microsatellite and Mitochondrial Markers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and Experimental Analysis
2.2. Genetic Diversity Analyses
2.3. Haplotype Relationship Analyses
2.4. Population Genetic Structure Analyses
2.5. Historical Demography
3. Results
3.1. Genetic Diversity
3.2. Genetic Structure and Haplotype Relationship
3.3. Genetic Connectivity
3.4. Historical Demography
4. Discussion
4.1. Genetic Diversity of L. delicatula Populations in China
4.2. Population Genetic Structure and Historical Demography
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Collecting Locality | Code of Specimens | Latitude (N)/Longitude (E) | Collecting Dates | |
---|---|---|---|---|
North China | Weihai, Shandong | SD | 37.50/122.12 | October 2016 |
Beijing | BJ | 39.96/116.33 | October 2016 | |
Anyang, Henan | HN | 36.10/114.39 | October 2016 | |
Yangling, Shaanxi | SX | 34.25/108.08 | October 2016 | |
Lanzhou, Gansu | GS | 36.10/103.71 | August 2017 | |
South China | Hefei, Anhui | AH | 31.86/117.25 | July 2017 |
Quzhou, Zhejiang | ZJ | 29.25/118.11 | August 2017 | |
Shanming, Fujian | FJ | 26.26/117.63 | July 2017 |
Pop | Microsatellite Markers | mtDNA | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Na | Ne | Ar | Ho | He | n | Nh | Hd | π (%) | k | |
SD | 24 | 4.2 | 2.56 | 3.94 | 0.536 | 0.511 | 24 | 4 | 0.634 | 0.112 | 0.993 |
BJ | 24 | 5.2 | 2.78 | 4.57 | 0.561 | 0.557 | 24 | 4 | 0.239 | 0.028 | 0.250 |
HN | 25 | 5.5 | 2.55 | 4.75 | 0.525 | 0.547 | 24 | 2 | 0.431 | 0.048 | 0.431 |
AH | 24 | 4.4 | 2.39 | 4.03 | 0.587 | 0.565 | 24 | 2 | 0.083 | 0.009 | 0.083 |
SX | 24 | 6.8 | 3.79 | 6.03 | 0.612 | 0.623 | 24 | 3 | 0.627 | 0.084 | 0.750 |
GS | 24 | 5.9 | 3.33 | 5.42 | 0.630 | 0.643 | 24 | 2 | 0.163 | 0.019 | 0.167 |
ZJ | 22 | 7.7 | 4.19 | 6.99 | 0.675 | 0.670 | 22 | 3 | 0.455 | 0.093 | 0.494 |
FJ | 16 | 7.2 | 3.91 | 7.23 | 0.572 | 0.628 | 17 | 4 | 0.588 | 0.104 | 0.926 |
China | 7 | 3 | 0.667 | 0.728 | 6.476 | ||||||
Japan | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
South Korea | 10 | 1 |
Populations | SD | BJ | HN | AH | SX | GS | ZJ | FJ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SD | 0.0000 | 0.4858 | 0.4822 | 0.5217 | 0.5137 | 0.7320 | 0.9336 | 0.9125 |
BJ | 0.2583 | 0.0000 | 0.1826 | 0.0001 | 0.4000 | 0.8276 | 0.9648 | 0.9473 |
HN | 0.1578 | 0.1243 | 0.0000 | 0.2283 | 0.4094 | 0.7826 | 0.9564 | 0.9378 |
AH | 0.1610 | 0.1272 | 0.0419 | 0.0000 | 0.4444 | 0.8889 | 0.9729 | 0.9567 |
SX | 0.1819 | 0.1277 | 0.1048 | 0.1152 | 0.0000 | 0.2667 | 0.9429 | 0.9227 |
GS | 0.1998 | 0.1443 | 0.1359 | 0.1419 | 0.0701 | 0.0000 | 0.9716 | 0.9564 |
ZJ | 0.1577 | 0.2064 | 0.1577 | 0.1460 | 0.0856 | 0.1144 | 0.0000 | 0.0435 |
FJ | 0.1910 | 0.2218 | 0.1791 | 0.1623 | 0.0919 | 0.1559 | 0.0322 | 0.0000 |
Markers | Source of Variation | d.f. | Sum of Squares | Variance Components | Percentage Variation | Fixation Indices |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Microsatellite markers | Among clusters | 3 | 156.846 | 0.3895 Va | 8.64 | FCT = 0.0864 |
p < 0.0001 | ||||||
Among populations within g clusters | 4 | 73.649 | 0.3205 Vb | 7.11 | FSC = 0.0778 | |
p < 0.0001 | ||||||
Within populations | 358 | 1359.953 | 3.7988 Vc | 84.25 | FST = 0.1575 | |
p < 0.0001 | ||||||
mtDNA | Among clusters | 3 | 43.344 | 0.24768 Va | 8.75 | FCT = 0.9125 |
p < 0.0001 | ||||||
Among populations within clusters | 4 | 4.339 | 0.03672 Vb | 1.30 | FSC = 0.1291 | |
p < 0.0001 | ||||||
Within populations | 175 | 355.815 | 2.45459 Vc | 89.95 | FST = 0.8995 | |
p < 0.0001 |
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Zhang, L.; Zhao, W.; Wang, F.; Qin, D. Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Natural Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridea) Populations in China as Revealed by Microsatellite and Mitochondrial Markers. Insects 2019, 10, 312. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100312
Zhang L, Zhao W, Wang F, Qin D. Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Natural Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridea) Populations in China as Revealed by Microsatellite and Mitochondrial Markers. Insects. 2019; 10(10):312. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100312
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Li, Wenhui Zhao, Fuping Wang, and Daozheng Qin. 2019. "Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Natural Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridea) Populations in China as Revealed by Microsatellite and Mitochondrial Markers" Insects 10, no. 10: 312. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100312