Tribology and Dowson
1. Introduction
2. Contributions of Duncan Dowson
2.1. Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication (EHL)
2.2. Engine and Powertrain
2.3. Biotribology
3. Closure
References
- Jost, P. The Introduction of New Technology: Report of the Committee on Tribology; Her Majesty’s Stationary Office: London, UK, 1966. [Google Scholar]
- Reynolds, O. On the theory of lubrication and its application to Mr. Beauchamp tower’s experiments, including an experimental determination of the viscosity of olive oil. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 1886, 177, 157–234. [Google Scholar]
- Martin, H.M. Lubrication of gear teeth. Eng. Lond. 1916, 102, 119. [Google Scholar]
- Hertz, H. Uber die Berührung fester elastischer Körper. J. Für Die Reine Und Angew. Math. 1882, 92, 156–171. [Google Scholar]
- Peppler, W. Untersuchungen Uber Die Druckubertragung Bei Belasteten Und Geschmierten Umlaufenden Achsparallelen Zylindern; Maschinenelemente—Tagung: Aachen, Germany, 1935. [Google Scholar]
- Meldahl, A. Contribution to the theory of the lubrication of gears and the stressing of the lubricated flanks of gear teeth. Brown Boveri Rev. 1941, 28, 374–382. [Google Scholar]
- Grubin, A.N. Contact Stresses in Toothed Gears and Worm Gears, Book 30 CSRI for Technology and Mechanical Engineering; CSRI (Central Scientific Research Institute): Moscow, Russia, 1949. [Google Scholar]
- Petrusevitch, A.I. Fundamental conclusions from the contact—Hydrodynamic theory of lubrication. Izv. Uzb. Fil. Akad. Nauk. 1951, 2, 209. [Google Scholar]
- Dowson, D.; Higginson, G.R. A Numerical Solution to the Elasto-Hydrodynamic Problem. J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 1959, 1, 6–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dowson, D.; Higginson, G.R. The Effect of Material Properties on the Lubrication of Elastic Rollers. J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 1960, 2, 188–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dowson, D.; Higginson, G.R. Elasto-Hydrodynamic Lubrication; Pergamon Press: Oxford, UK, 1966. [Google Scholar]
- Dowson, D.; Higginson, G.R. New roller bearing lubrication formula. Engineering 1961, 192, 158. [Google Scholar]
- Dowson, D. A generalized Reynolds equation for fluid-film lubrication. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 1962, 4, 159–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cameron, A.; Gohar, R. Theoretical and experimental studies of the oil film in lubricated point contact. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A Math. Phys. Sci. 1966, 291, 520–536. [Google Scholar]
- Gohar, R.; Cameron, A. Optical Measurement of Oil Film Thickness under Elasto-hydrodynamic Lubrication. Nature 1963, 200, 458–459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dowson, D.A.J.D.; Jones, D.A. Lubricant Entrapment between Approaching Elastic Solids. Nature 1967, 214, 947–948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hamrock, B.J.; Dowson, D. Isothermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication of point contacts: Part 1—Theoretical formulation. J. Lubr. Tech. 1976, 98, 223–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hamrock, B.J.; Dowson, D. Isothermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Point Contacts: Part II—Ellipticity Parameter Results. J. Lubr. Technol. 1976, 98, 375–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hamrock, B.J.; Dowson, D. Isothermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Point Contacts: Part III—Fully Flooded Results. J. Lubr. Technol. 1977, 99, 264–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hamrock, B.J.; Dowson, D. Isothermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Point Contacts: Part IV—Starvation Results. J. Lubr. Technol. 1977, 99, 15–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thorp, N.; Gohar, R. Oil Film Thickness and Shape for a Ball Sliding in a Grooved Raceway. J. Lubr. Technol. 1972, 94, 199–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chittenden, R.J.; Dowson, D.; Dunn, J.F.; Taylor, C.M. A theoretical analysis of the isothermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication of concentrated contacts-I: Direction of lubricant entrainment coincident with the major axis of the Hertzian contact ellipse. Proc. R. Soc. 1985, 397, 245–269. [Google Scholar]
- Chittenden, R.J.; Dowson, D.; Dunn, J.F.; Taylor, C.M. A Theoretical Analysis of the Isothermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Concentrated Contact—Part II: General Case, With Lubricant Entrainment Along Either Principal Axis of the Hertzian Contact Ellipse or at Some Intermediate Angle. Proc. R. Soc. 1985, 397, 271–294. [Google Scholar]
- Mostofi, A.; Gohar, R. Oil Film Thickness and Pressure Distribution in Elastohydrodynamic Point Contacts. J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 1982, 24, 173–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jalali-Vahid, D.; Rahnejat, H.; Gohar, R.; Jin, Z.M. Comparison between experiments and numerical solutions for isothermal elastohydrodynamic point contacts. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 1998, 31, 2725–2732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jalali-Vahid, D.; Gohar, R.; Rahnejat, H.; Jin, Z.M. Prediction of oil-film thickness and shape in elliptical point contacts under combined rolling and sliding motion. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part J J. Eng. Tribol. 2000, 214, 427–437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rahnejat, H.; Gohar, R. The Vibrations of Radial Ball Bearings. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 1985, 199, 181–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bedewi, M.; Dowson, D.; Taylor, C.M. The squeeze-film lubrication of ellipsoids. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 1992, 25, A133–A140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ehret, P.; Dowson, D.; Taylor, C.M. Transient EHL Solutions with Interfacial Slip. J. Tribol. 1999, 121, 703–710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ehret, P.; Dowson, D.; Taylor, C. Time-Dependent Solutions with Waviness and Asperities in EHL Point Contacts. Tribol. Ser. 1997, 32, 313–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vahid, D.J.; Rahnejat, H.; Jin, Z.M.; Downson, D. Transient analysis of isothermal elastohydrodynamic circular point contacts. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 2001, 215, 1159–1172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Venner, C.H.; Lubrecht, A. Transient Analysis of Surface Features in an EHL Line Contact in the Case of Sliding. J. Tribol. 1994, 116, 186–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kushwaha, M.; Rahnejat, H. Transient concentrated finite line roller-to-race contact under combined entraining, tilting and squeeze film motions. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2004, 37, 2018–2034. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dowson, D. Elastohydrodynamic and micro-elastohydrodynamic lubrication. Wear 1995, 190, 125–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Venner, C.H.; Napel, W.E.T. Surface Roughness Effects in an EHL Line Contact. J. Tribol. 1992, 114, 616–622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jin, Z.; Yang, P.; Cui, J.; Dowson, D. Transient elastohydrodynamic analysis of elliptical contacts. Part 1: Isothermal and Newtonian lubricant solution. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part J J. Eng. Tribol. 2004, 218, 211–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, P.; Cui, J.; Jin, Z.; Dowson, D. Transient elastohydrodynamic analysis of elliptical contacts. Part 2: Thermal and Newtonian lubricant solution. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part J J. Eng. Tribol. 2005, 219, 187–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dowson, D.; Taylor, C.M.; Godet, M.; Berthe, D. Thermal Effects in Tribology. In Proceedings of the 6th Leeds-Lyon Sympos, Lyon, France, 18–21 September 1979. [Google Scholar]
- Pinkus, O.; Wilcock, D.J. Thermal effects in fluid film bearings. In Proceedings of the in 6th Leeds-Lyon Sympos, Lyon, France, 18–21 September 1979; pp. 3–23. [Google Scholar]
- Johnson, K.L. Contact mechanics, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge 1985, 108, 659. [Google Scholar]
- Johnson, K.L. The strength of surfaces in rolling contact. Proc. IMechE Part C Mech. Eng. Sci. 1989, 203, 151–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Johnson, K.L. One Hundred Years of Hertz Contact. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. 1982, 196, 363–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Johnson, K.L.; Kendall, K.; Roberts, A.D. Surface energy and the contact of elastic solids. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A Math. Phys. Sci. 1971, 324, 301–313. [Google Scholar]
- Ioannides, E.; Pareti, G. Fatigue life predictions in line contacts with and without edge stresses. Proc. Int. Conf. 1986, 1, 211–218. [Google Scholar]
- Kannel, J.W.; Tevaarwerk, J.L. Subsurface stress evaluations under rolling/sliding contacts. J. Tribol. 1984, 106, 96–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Czyżewski, T. Influence of a tension stress field introduced in the elastohydrodynamic contact zone on rolling contact fatigue. Wear 1975, 34, 201–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Johns-Rahnejat, P.M.; Gohar, R. Point contact elastohydrodynamic pressure distribution and sub-surface stress field. In Proceedings of the Tri-annual Conf. on Multi-body Dynamics: Monitoring and Simulation Techniques, Bradford, UK, 15 March 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Dowson, D.; Hamrock, B.J. Numerical Evaluation of the Surface Deformation of Elastic Solids Subjected to a Hertzian Contact Stress. ASLE Trans. 1976, 19, 279–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cooper, J.R.; Dowson, D.; Fisher, J.; Isaac, G.H.; Wroblewski, B.M. Observations of residual sub-surface shear strain in the ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene acetabular cups of hip prostheses. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 1994, 5, 52–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Boer, G.N.; Hewson, R.W.; Bryant, M.; Dowson, D. An investigation into the contact between soft elastic and poroelastic bodies rotating under load. Tribol. Mater. Surf. Interfaces 2017, 11, 193–201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Teodorescu, M.; Rahnejat, H.; Gohar, R.; Dowson, D. Harmonic decomposition analysis of contact mechanics of bonded layered elastic solids. Appl. Math. Model. 2009, 33, 467–485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dowson, D.; Higginson, G.R. A Theory of Involute Gear Lubrication; Elsevier: London, UK, 1964; pp. 8–15. [Google Scholar]
- Mohammadpour, M.; Theodossiades, S.; Rahnejat, H.; Dowson, D. Non-Newtonian mixed thermo-elastohydrodynamics of hypoid gear pairs. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part J J. Eng. Tribol. 2017, 232, 1105–1125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dowson, D.; Taylor, C.; Yang, L. Friction Modelling for Internal Combustion Engines. Interface Dyn. Proc. 14th Leeds-Lyon Symp. Tribol. 1996, 31, 301–318. [Google Scholar]
- Dowson, D.; Taylor, C. Dynamics and lubrication with particular reference to the internal combustion engine, Multi-body Dynamics: Monitoring and Simulation Techniques. 1997; 3. [Google Scholar]
- Dowson, D.; Taylor, C.M.; Zhu, G. A transient elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis of a cam and follower. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 1992, 25, A313–A320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dowson, D.; Harrison, P.; Taylor, C.M.; Zhu, G. Experimental observation of lubricant film state between a cam and bucket follower using the electrical resistivity technique. Proc. Jpn. Int. Trib. Conf. 1990, 119–124. [Google Scholar]
- Hamilton, G. The hydrodynamics of a cam follower. Tribol. Int. 1980, 13, 113–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brown, S.R.; Hamilton, G.M.; Moore, S.L.; Brown, G.M.H.S.R. Hydrodynamic pressure under a piston ring. Nature 1975, 253, 341–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kannel, J.W. Measurements of Pressures in Rolling Contact. IMechE Conf. Proc. 1965, 180, 135–146. [Google Scholar]
- Kannel, J.W. Comparison Between Predicted and Measured Axial Pressure Distribution Between Cylinders. J. Lubr. Technol. 1974, 96, 508–514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Safa, M.M.A.; Gohar, R. Pressure Distribution Under a Ball Impacting a Thin Lubricant Layer. J. Tribol. 1986, 108, 372–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gohar, R.; Safa, M.M.A. Measurement of contact pressure under elastohydrodynamic lubrication conditions. In Tribology and Dynamics of Engine and Powertrain; Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK, 2010; pp. 222–245. [Google Scholar]
- Johns-Rahnejat, P.M.; Gohar, R. Measuring contact pressure distributions under elastohydrodynamic point contacts. Tribotest 1994, 1, 33–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohammadpour, M.; Johns-Rahnejat, P.M.; Rahnejat, H.; Gohar, R. Boundary Conditions for Elastohydrodynamics of Circular Point Contacts. Tribol. Lett. 2013, 53, 107–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dowson, D.; Ruddy, B.L.; Economou, P.N. The elastohydrodynamic lubrication of piston rings. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A Math. Phys. Sci. 1983, 386, 409–430. [Google Scholar]
- Priest, M.; Dowson, D.; Taylor, C.M. Theoretical modelling of cavitation in piston ring lubrication. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 2000, 214, 435–447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rahmani, R.; Rahnejat, H.; Fitzsimons, B.; Dowson, D. The effect of cylinder liner operating temperature on frictional loss and engine emissions in piston ring conjunction. Appl. Energy 2017, 191, 568–581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Howell-Smith, S.; Rahnejat, H.; King, P.D.; Dowson, D. Reducing in-cylinder parasitic losses through surface modification and coating. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng. 2014, 228, 391–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rahnejat, H.; Balakrishnan, S.; King, P.D.; Howell-Smith, S. In-Cylinder Friction Reduction Using a Surface Finish Optimization Technique. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng. 2006, 220, 1309–1318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shahmohamadi, H.; Rahmani, R.; Rahnejat, H.; Garner, C.P.; Dowson, D. Big End Bearing Losses with Thermal Cavitation Flow Under Cylinder Deactivation. Tribol. Lett. 2015, 57, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Morris, N.; Mohammadpour, M.; Rahmani, R.; Johns-Rahnejat, P.; Rahnejat, H.; Dowson, D. Effect of cylinder deactivation on tribological performance of piston compression ring and connecting rod bearing. Tribol. Int. 2018, 120, 243–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Charnley, J. The Lubrication of Animal Joints in Relation to Surgical Reconstruction by Arthroplasty. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1960, 19, 10–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- MacConaill, M.A. The Function of Intra-Articular Fibrocartilages, with Special Reference to the Knee and Inferior Radio-Ulnar Joints. J. Anat. 1932, 66, 210–227. [Google Scholar]
- McCutchen, C.W. Physiological Lubrication. Proc. IMechE Conf. 1966, 181, 55–62. [Google Scholar]
- Dowson, D. Paper R2: Review of Symposium on Lubrication and Wear in Living and Artificial Human Joints, London, April 1967. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Conf. Proc. 1966, 181, 226–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dowson, D. Tribology: An Inaugural Lecture by D. Dowson; University of Leeds Press: Leeds, UK, 1968. [Google Scholar]
- Walker, P.S.; Dowson, D.; Longfield, M.D.; Wright, V. Boosted lubrication in synovial joints by fluid entrapment and enrichment. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1968, 27, 512–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dowson, D.; Unsworth, A.; Wright, V. Analysis of ‘Boosted Lubrication’ in Human Joints. J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 1970, 12, 364–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wiles, P. The surgery of the osteo-arthritic hip. BJS 1958, 45, 488–497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McKee, G.K.; Watson-Farrar, J. Replacement of arthritic hips by the McKee-Farrar prosthesis. J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br. Vol. 1966, 48, 245–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scales, J.T. Paper 13: Arthroplasty of the Hip Using Foreign Materials: A History. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Conf. Proc. 1966, 181, 63–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dowling, J.; Atkinson, J.R.; Dowson, D.; Charnley, J. The characteristics of acetabular cups worn in the human body. J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br. Vol. 1978, 60, 375–382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reynolds, L.A.; Tansey, E.M. Early Development of Total Hip Replacement; The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL: Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Charnley, J. The Long-Term Results of Low-Friction Arthroplasty of the Hip Performed as a Primary Intervention. J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br. Vol. 1972, 54, 61–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Charnley, J.; Kamangar, A.; Longfield, M.D. The optimum size of prosthetic heads in relation to the wear of plastic sockets in total replacement of the hip. Med. Boil. Eng. 1969, 7, 31–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dowson, D.; Jin, Z.-M. Micro-Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Synovial Joints. Eng. Med. 1986, 15, 63–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dowson, D.; Yao, J.Q. Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Soft-Layered Solids at Elliptical Contacts: Part 2: Film Thickness Analysis. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part J J. Eng. Tribol. 1994, 208, 43–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Auger, D.D.; Dowson, D.; Fisher, J.; Jin, Z.-M. Friction and Lubrication in Cushion Form Bearings for Artificial Hip Joints. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H J. Eng. Med. 1993, 207, 25–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Auger, D.D.; Dowson, D.; Fisher, J. Cushion form bearings for total knee joint replacement. Proc. IMechE Part H J. Eng. Med. 1995, 209, 73–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jin, Z.M.; Dowson, D.; Fisher, J. Analysis of fluid film lubrication in artificial hip joint replacements with surfaces of high elastic modulus. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H J. Eng. Med. 1997, 211, 247–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Atkinson, J.; Dowson, D.; Isaac, J.; Wroblewski, B. Laboratory wear tests and clinical observations of the penetration of femoral heads into acetabular cups in total replacement hip joints. Wear 1985, 104, 225–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dowson, D. A comparative study of the performance of metallic and ceramic femoral head components in total replacement hip joints. Wear 1995, 190, 171–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lancaster, J.G.; Dowson, D.; Isaac, G.H.; Fisher, J. The wear of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene sliding on metallic and ceramic counterfaces representative of current femoral surfaces in joint replacement. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H J. Eng. Med. 1997, 211, 17–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Smith, S.L.; Dowson, D.; Goldsmith, A.A.J. The effect of femoral head diameter upon lubrication and wear of metal-on-metal total hip replacements. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H J. Eng. Med. 2001, 215, 161–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Goddard, R.; Dowson, D.; Wright, V. A study in vivo of the stiffness of the human knee. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1970, 29, 689. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Seedhom, B.B.; Longton, E.B.; Wright, V.; Dowson, D. Dimensions of the knee. Radiographic and autopsy study of sizes required by a knee prosthesis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1972, 31, 54–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Seedhom, B.B.; Dowson, D.; Wright, V. Functions of the menisci, a preliminary study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1974, 33, 111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Such, C.H.; Unsworth, A.; Wright, V.; Dowson, D.; Pavelka, K.; Meier-Ruge, W.; Müller, W.; Fridrich, R. Quantitative study of stiffness in the knee joint. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1975, 34, 286–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dowson, D.; Gillis, B.J.; Atkinson, J.R. Penetration of metallic femoral components into polymeric tibial components observed in a knee joint simulator. In Polymer Wear and Its Control; ACS: New York, NY, USA, 1985. [Google Scholar]
- Dowson, D. New joints for the Millennium: Wear control in total replacement hip joints. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H J. Eng. Med. 2001, 215, 335–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dowson, D.; Hardaker, C.; Flett, M.; Isaac, G.H. A hip joint simulator study of the performance of metal-on-metal joints: Part II: Design. J. Arthroplast. 2004, 19, 124–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, Y.; Neville, A.; Dowson, D. Tribo-corrosion properties of cobalt-based medical implant alloys in simulated biological environments. Wear 2007, 263, 1105–1111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hesketh, J.; Ward, M.; Dowson, D.; Neville, A. The composition of tribofilms produced on metal-on-metal hip bearings. Biomaterials 2014, 35, 2113–2119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Beadling, A.R.; Bryant, M.; Dowson, D.; Neville, A. Tribocorrosion of hard-on-hard total hip replacements with metal and ceramic counterfaces under standard and adverse loading conditions. Tribol. Int. 2016, 103, 359–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, L.; Dowson, D.; Hewson, R.W. A numerical study of non-Newtonian transient elastohydrodynamic lubrication of metal-on-metal hip prostheses. Tribol. Int. 2016, 93, 486–494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gao, L.; Dowson, D.; Hewson, R.W. Predictive wear modeling of the articulating metal-on-metal hip replacements. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater. 2015, 105, 497–506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Urueña, J.M.; McGhee, E.O.; Angelini, T.E.; Dowson, D.; Sawyer, W.G.; Pitenis, A.A. Normal Load Scaling of Friction in Gemini Hydrogels. Biotribology 2018, 13, 30–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Morris, N.J.; Johns-Rahnejat, P.M.; Rahnejat, H. Tribology and Dowson. Lubricants 2020, 8, 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants8060063
Morris NJ, Johns-Rahnejat PM, Rahnejat H. Tribology and Dowson. Lubricants. 2020; 8(6):63. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants8060063
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorris, Nicholas John, Patricia M. Johns-Rahnejat, and Homer Rahnejat. 2020. "Tribology and Dowson" Lubricants 8, no. 6: 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants8060063