Tribofilm Formation As a Result of Complex Interaction at the Tool/Chip Interface during Cutting
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Thermodynamics of Tribofilms
- dSi/dt—the entropy production as a result of the distribution of heat and other flows within a body;
- dSe/dt—the flow of entropy due to external interactions, which could change due to the transition of heat from a frictional surface with a higher temperature into a body (the cutting tool) with a lower temperature, resulting in an entropy increase;
- dSm/dt—the change of entropy due to the formation of chemical compounds on the tool surface due to the entropy of the matter transferred from the contacting frictional body (the workpiece). In the case of the tool-chip interaction, it can be either positive, due to cutting tool-chip interactions with the further formation of seizure zones or build-ups that tend to break away and eventually cause deep surface damage [23], or negative when the material transformed to the tool surface either forms lubricants (MnS for example) or interacts with the environment (tribo-oxidation), forming lubricating tribofilms [1,23];
- dSf/dt—the change of entropy due to tribofilm formation as a result of the surface modification of the cutting tools with further tribo-oxidation;
- dSw/dt—the change of entropy due to the wear process (the “−” sign is used in the Equation 2, because the products of the wear process leave the frictional body with their own entropy). The change of entropy, dSf/dt, could be negative if non-equilibrium processes are occurring on the surface and the entropy of a frictional body is reduced (which is typical for cutting tools [24,25]), or it could be positive if there are equilibrium processes [9]. However, the sum of these terms, i.e., dSi/dt + dSf/dt > 0, is the general entropy production [18]. As follows from (2), lower entropy production corresponds to a lower dSw/dt value. Bearing in mind that entropy is an additive value, we can consider that the lower dSw/dt, the lower the wear rate. Therefore, the entropy production decrease leads to wear rate reduction. Non-equilibrium processes on the surface (dSf/dt < 0) and the formation of lubricating tribofilms due to material transfer from the workpiece with its further tribo-oxidation (dSm/dt < 0), with all other conditions being equal, can also lead to a wear rate decrease.
2.2. Experimental Examples of Tribofilm Formation
3. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fox-Rabinovich, G.S.; Gershman, I.; Hakim, M.A.E.; Shalaby, M.A.; Krzanowski, J.E.; Veldhuis, S.C. Tribofilm Formation As a Result of Complex Interaction at the Tool/Chip Interface during Cutting. Lubricants 2014, 2, 113-123. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants2030113
Fox-Rabinovich GS, Gershman I, Hakim MAE, Shalaby MA, Krzanowski JE, Veldhuis SC. Tribofilm Formation As a Result of Complex Interaction at the Tool/Chip Interface during Cutting. Lubricants. 2014; 2(3):113-123. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants2030113
Chicago/Turabian StyleFox-Rabinovich, German S., Iosif Gershman, Mohamed A. El Hakim, Mohamed A. Shalaby, James E. Krzanowski, and Stephen C. Veldhuis. 2014. "Tribofilm Formation As a Result of Complex Interaction at the Tool/Chip Interface during Cutting" Lubricants 2, no. 3: 113-123. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants2030113
APA StyleFox-Rabinovich, G. S., Gershman, I., Hakim, M. A. E., Shalaby, M. A., Krzanowski, J. E., & Veldhuis, S. C. (2014). Tribofilm Formation As a Result of Complex Interaction at the Tool/Chip Interface during Cutting. Lubricants, 2(3), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants2030113