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Volume 11
Issue 10
10.3390/lubricants11100427
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Article

Characterisation of the Contact between Cross-Country Skis and Snow: On the Multi-Scale Interaction between Ski Geometry and Ski-Base Texture

by
Kalle Kalliorinne
1,*,
Gustav Hindér
1,
Joakim Sandberg
1,
Roland Larsson
1,
Hans-Christer Holmberg
2 and
Andreas Almqvist
1
1
Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, SE97187 Luleå, Sweden
2
Division of Health, Medicine and Rehabilitation, Luleå University of Technology, SE97187 Luleå, Sweden
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Lubricants 2023, 11(10), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11100427
Submission received: 10 July 2023 / Revised: 11 September 2023 / Accepted: 21 September 2023 / Published: 3 October 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiscale and Modern Solutions in the Simulation of Lubricated Contacts)
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Abstract

In elite endurance sports, marginal differences in finishing times drive ongoing equipment improvement to enhance athlete performance. In cross-country skiing, researchers, since the 1930s, have faced the challenge of minimising the resistance caused by friction in the contact between skis and snow. This study was designed to evaluate the multi-scale interaction between the macro-scale ski-camber profile and the micro-scale ski-base texture. Considerations included real contact area, average interfacial separation, and total reciprocal interfacial separation between the ski and snow, which are properties that are intimately coupled to ski–snow friction. We found that both the profile of the ski camber and the texture of the ski base play decisive roles in determining viscous friction. At the same time, the texture of the ski base exerts a greater impact on the average real contact pressure, real contact area, and minimal average interfacial separation between the ski and snow than the ski-camber profile.
Keywords: cross-country skiing; sports equipment; multi-scale; contact mechanics; ski-camber profile; ski-base texture cross-country skiing; sports equipment; multi-scale; contact mechanics; ski-camber profile; ski-base texture

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kalliorinne, K.; Hindér, G.; Sandberg, J.; Larsson, R.; Holmberg, H.-C.; Almqvist, A. Characterisation of the Contact between Cross-Country Skis and Snow: On the Multi-Scale Interaction between Ski Geometry and Ski-Base Texture. Lubricants 2023, 11, 427. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11100427

AMA Style

Kalliorinne K, Hindér G, Sandberg J, Larsson R, Holmberg H-C, Almqvist A. Characterisation of the Contact between Cross-Country Skis and Snow: On the Multi-Scale Interaction between Ski Geometry and Ski-Base Texture. Lubricants. 2023; 11(10):427. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11100427

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kalliorinne, Kalle, Gustav Hindér, Joakim Sandberg, Roland Larsson, Hans-Christer Holmberg, and Andreas Almqvist. 2023. "Characterisation of the Contact between Cross-Country Skis and Snow: On the Multi-Scale Interaction between Ski Geometry and Ski-Base Texture" Lubricants 11, no. 10: 427. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11100427

APA Style

Kalliorinne, K., Hindér, G., Sandberg, J., Larsson, R., Holmberg, H.-C., & Almqvist, A. (2023). Characterisation of the Contact between Cross-Country Skis and Snow: On the Multi-Scale Interaction between Ski Geometry and Ski-Base Texture. Lubricants, 11(10), 427. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11100427

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