Effelsberg Monitoring of a Sample of RadioAstron Blazars: Analysis of Intra-Day Variability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sample Selection, Observations and Data Reduction
3. Variability Parameters
3.1. Raw Modulation Index
3.2. Intrinsic Modulation Index
3.3. and Reduced
4. Statistical Results
4.1. Variability Classification
4.2. Sample Properties
4.3. Intrinsic Modulation Index
5. Population Comparisons
5.1. Likelihood Analysis
5.2. Flux Density and Redshift
5.3. Spectral Index
5.4. -Ray Loudness
5.5. Galactic Latitude
6. Discussion
6.1. Robustness of the Statistics
6.2. Variability Dependencies
6.3. Influence on SVLBI Measurements
7. Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Results of IDV Monitoring with the Effelsberg 100 m Telescope
Name | Epoch | Flux Density | IDV | b | z | -ray | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[Jy] | [%] | [] | [mas] | ||||||||
0010 + 405 | B | 1.586 | −21.44 | −0.24 | 0.255 | 0.70 | 0.78 | ||||
0014 + 813 | B | 0.133 | 18.80 | −0.01 | 3.366 | 0.63 | 0.75 | ||||
0016 + 731 | B | 4.485 | + | 10.73 | −0.13 | 1.781 | 0.57 | 0.79 | |||
0059 + 581 | A | 2.607 | + | −4.44 | −0.06 | 0.644 | 0.61 | 0.66 | + | ||
0110 + 318 | C | 1.047 | −30.51 | −0.30 | 0.603 | + | |||||
D | 4.053 | + | |||||||||
E | 0.214 | ||||||||||
0125 + 487 | B | 1.935 | −13.41 | +0.27 | 0.067 | ||||||
0219 + 428 | D | 1.175 | −16.77 | −0.22 | 0.444 | 1.83 | 0.42 | + | |||
0234 + 285 | E | 0.459 | −28.53 | −0.17 | 1.213 | 0.44 | + | ||||
0235 + 164 | E | 1.720 | −39.11 | +0.01 | 0.940 | 0.65 | 0.88 | + | |||
0248 + 430 | D | 1.411 | −14.40 | −0.18 | 1.310 | 0.73 | 0.33 | ||||
0307 + 380 | B | 132.310 | + | −16.94 | +0.01 | 0.816 | + | ||||
C | 33.472 | + | |||||||||
D | 222.547 | + | |||||||||
E | 6.742 | + | |||||||||
0322 + 222 | D | 5.238 | + | −28.02 | −0.09 | 2.060 | 0.61 | + | |||
0323 + 342 | C | 2.188 | −18.76 | −0.22 | 0.061 | + | |||||
D | 1.452 | ||||||||||
0333 + 321 | C | 0.361 | −18.77 | −0.10 | 1.258 | 0.88 | 0.36 | + | |||
D | 1.178 | ||||||||||
E | 0.906 | ||||||||||
0340 + 362 | D | 66.610 | + | −14.69 | −0.14 | 1.484 | + | ||||
0428 + 205 | B | 0.110 | −18.56 | −0.39 | 0.219 | 3.22 | 0.06 | ||||
0430 + 289 | E | 7.324 | + | −12.60 | −0.24 | 0.970 | + | ||||
0507 + 179 | B | 1.090 | −12.79 | +0.06 | 0.416 | 0.66 | 0.54 | + | |||
0529 + 483 | B | 0.826 | 8.23 | −0.03 | 1.162 | 0.47 | 0.67 | + | |||
E | 2.855 | + | |||||||||
0602 + 405 | B | 1.210 | 9.35 | −0.17 | |||||||
0633 + 734 | B | 0.367 | 25.06 | −0.08 | 1.850 | + | |||||
0642 + 449 | B | 0.159 | 17.95 | −0.21 | 3.396 | 0.67 | 0.64 | ||||
0716 + 714 | A | 4.345 | + | 28.02 | +0.22 | 0.300 | 0.55 | 0.69 | + | ||
B | 14.321 | + | |||||||||
C | 9.358 | + | |||||||||
D | 17.003 | + | |||||||||
E | 2.805 | + | |||||||||
0730 + 504 | D | 1.382 | 27.11 | −0.09 | 0.720 | 0.38 | 0.45 | + | |||
0742 + 103 | E | 0.341 | 16.59 | −0.38 | 2.624 | 0.99 | 0.35 | ||||
0749 + 540 | B | 6.029 | + | 30.51 | −0.06 | 0.200 | 1.03 | 0.47 | + | ||
C | 5.651 | + | |||||||||
D | 4.565 | + | |||||||||
0804 + 499 | A | 0.397 | 32.56 | +0.05 | 1.435 | 0.34 | 0.78 | + | |||
B | 0.641 | ||||||||||
0812 + 367 | C | 1.167 | 31.86 | −0.17 | 1.027 | 0.76 | 0.67 | ||||
0814 + 425 | A | 0.932 | 33.40 | −0.27 | 0.530 | 0.94 | 0.48 | + | |||
B | 1.531 | ||||||||||
E | 15.203 | + | |||||||||
0827 + 243 | E | 0.524 | 31.88 | +0.19 | 0.941 | + | |||||
0831 + 557 | A | 0.408 | 36.56 | −0.66 | 0.241 | 3.10 | 0.04 | ||||
B | 0.181 | ||||||||||
C | 0.097 | ||||||||||
D | 0.151 | ||||||||||
0846 + 513 | C | 0.658 | 39.14 | +0.12 | 0.585 | 0.46 | 0.76 | + | |||
0851 + 202 | D | 6.754 | + | 35.82 | +0.13 | 0.306 | 0.50 | 0.46 | + | ||
E | 0.456 | ||||||||||
0859 + 470 | A | 0.065 | 41.56 | −0.36 | 1.465 | 0.64 | + | ||||
B | 0.300 | ||||||||||
0917 + 449 | A | 0.233 | 44.82 | −0.13 | 2.186 | 0.54 | 0.72 | + | |||
0917 + 624 | A | 0.256 | 40.99 | −0.20 | 1.446 | 0.50 | 0.70 | + | |||
0923 + 392 | A | 0.176 | 46.16 | −0.20 | 0.695 | 0.70 | 0.62 | ||||
0925 + 504 | A | 9.431 | + | 45.42 | −0.01 | 0.370 | 0.57 | 0.70 | + | ||
B | 18.678 | + | |||||||||
C | 56.887 | + | |||||||||
D | 60.041 | + | |||||||||
E | 9.787 | + | |||||||||
0942 + 468 | C | 0.247 | 48.83 | −0.13 | 0.639 | 1.28 | 0.35 | ||||
0945 + 408 | A | 0.161 | 50.28 | −0.11 | 1.250 | 0.49 | 0.66 | + | |||
0951 + 693 | C | 0.880 | 40.90 | −0.11 | |||||||
0954 + 658 | A | 0.543 | 43.13 | −0.04 | 0.368 | 0.89 | + | ||||
E | 0.510 | ||||||||||
0955 + 326 | A | 0.095 | 52.32 | −0.33 | 0.531 | 0.64 | 0.37 | ||||
0955 + 476 | A | 0.777 | 50.73 | −0.06 | 1.882 | 0.31 | 0.87 | + | |||
1015 + 359 | A | 0.679 | 56.43 | +0.09 | 1.230 | 0.35 | 0.64 | + | |||
1040 + 244 | E | 3.876 | + | 61.01 | +0.02 | 0.563 | 0.39 | 0.69 | + | ||
1044 + 476 | C | 0.275 | 58.44 | −0.43 | 0.799 | 1.77 | 0.47 | ||||
1044 + 719 | A | 0.505 | 42.29 | −0.16 | 1.150 | 0.37 | 0.70 | + | |||
E | 0.574 | ||||||||||
1053 + 815 | A | 1.122 | 34.75 | −0.01 | 0.706 | + | |||||
1101 + 384 | A | 0.634 | 65.03 | −0.10 | 0.030 | 0.85 | + | ||||
E | 0.569 | ||||||||||
1123 + 264 | A | 0.212 | 70.89 | −0.03 | 2.352 | 0.34 | 0.71 | ||||
B | 0.829 | ||||||||||
C | 0.390 | ||||||||||
D | 1.491 | ||||||||||
E | 0.185 | ||||||||||
1125 + 596 | A | 9.795 | + | 54.67 | −0.02 | 1.795 | 0.24 | 0.78 | + | ||
C | 20.143 | + | |||||||||
D | 76.008 | + | |||||||||
E | 8.054 | + | |||||||||
1144 + 402 | A | 0.489 | 71.47 | −0.00 | 1.090 | 0.23 | 0.73 | + | |||
D | 0.703 | ||||||||||
1150 + 497 | D | 0.462 | 64.98 | −0.10 | 0.334 | 0.73 | 0.50 | + | |||
1150 + 812 | B | 0.178 | 35.84 | −0.05 | 1.250 | 0.51 | |||||
1156 + 295 | A | 0.140 | 78.37 | −0.17 | 0.725 | 0.61 | 0.77 | + | |||
B | 5.142 | + | |||||||||
C | 1.548 | ||||||||||
D | 1.906 | ||||||||||
E | 0.967 | ||||||||||
1214 + 588 | B | 0.348 | 57.97 | −0.13 | 2.551 | 0.89 | 0.36 | ||||
C | 0.289 | ||||||||||
1219 + 285 | D | 0.695 | 83.29 | −0.09 | 0.102 | 0.58 | 0.36 | + | |||
1222 + 216 | E | 0.056 | 81.66 | −0.27 | 0.432 | 0.78 | + | ||||
1333 + 589 | B | 3.800 | + | 57.48 | +0.16 | 0.570 | 1.44 | 0.20 | |||
C | 1.528 | ||||||||||
1357 + 769 | A | 1.741 | 39.77 | −0.10 | 1.585 | 0.42 | 0.82 | + | |||
E | 8.218 | + | |||||||||
1404 + 286 | D | 0.200 | 73.25 | +0.00 | 0.94 | 0.40 | |||||
1417 + 385 | C | 2.528 | + | 68.38 | +0.02 | 1.830 | 0.48 | 0.86 | + | ||
D | 2.597 | + | |||||||||
1435 + 638 | A | 0.106 | 49.73 | −0.36 | 2.068 | 1.11 | 0.33 | ||||
1520 + 319 | B | 1.121 | 57.02 | −0.01 | 1.487 | 0.32 | 0.84 | + | |||
1547 + 507 | C | 15.284 | + | 49.06 | −0.02 | 2.171 | 1.03 | 0.56 | |||
D | 18.832 | + | |||||||||
E | 7.844 | + | |||||||||
1617 + 229 | D | 6.534 | + | 43.03 | −0.05 | 1.987 | 0.29 | 0.84 | |||
1633 + 382 | A | 0.280 | 42.34 | −0.14 | 1.813 | 1.14 | 0.18 | + | |||
B | 0.268 | ||||||||||
C | 0.696 | ||||||||||
E | 0.148 | ||||||||||
1638 + 398 | C | 0.270 | 41.42 | −0.08 | 1.660 | 0.28 | 0.82 | + | |||
1641 + 399 | A | 0.157 | 40.95 | −0.20 | 0.593 | 1.28 | 0.24 | + | |||
1642 + 264 | D | 1.286 | 38.40 | −0.21 | |||||||
1642 + 690 | E | 0.171 | 36.62 | −0.12 | 0.751 | 0.75 | 0.50 | ||||
1714 + 219 | E | 0.139 | 30.22 | −0.17 | 0.358 | ||||||
1726 + 455 | C | 1.275 | 33.28 | +0.00 | 0.717 | 0.34 | 0.87 | + | |||
D | 0.646 | ||||||||||
1751 + 288 | B | 0.123 | 24.46 | +0.08 | 1.115 | 0.82 | 0.86 | ||||
C | 0.627 | ||||||||||
1758 + 388 | B | 0.817 | 26.03 | −0.16 | 2.092 | 0.30 | 0.87 | ||||
C | 0.550 | ||||||||||
1807 + 279 | B | 0.198 | 20.97 | −0.39 | 1.760 | ||||||
D | 1.843 | ||||||||||
1807 + 698 | A | 0.425 | 29.17 | −0.08 | 0.051 | 0.83 | 0.64 | + | |||
B | 0.493 | ||||||||||
1817 + 387 | C | 3.412 | + | 22.46 | +0.56 | 0.540 | |||||
E | 0.530 | ||||||||||
1823 + 568 | B | 3.527 | + | 26.08 | −0.03 | 0.664 | 0.43 | 0.82 | + | ||
1842 + 681 | C | 1.322 | 25.85 | −0.09 | 0.472 | 0.77 | + | ||||
1843 + 356 | C | 0.348 | 16.53 | −0.22 | 0.764 | ||||||
1846 + 322 | C | 2.781 | + | 14.71 | −0.12 | 0.798 | 4.49 | + | |||
D | 2.796 | + | |||||||||
1849 + 670 | A | 1.209 | 25.04 | +0.19 | 0.657 | 0.54 | 0.86 | + | |||
B | 2.991 | + | |||||||||
1850 + 402 | E | 0.113 | 16.97 | −0.07 | 2.120 | ||||||
1923 + 210 | C | 0.256 | 2.26 | −0.12 | 1.29 | 0.21 | |||||
1926 + 611 | A | 11.904 | + | 19.45 | −0.04 | 0.71 | 0.64 | + | |||
E | 0.722 | ||||||||||
1928 + 738 | B | 0.567 | 23.54 | −0.24 | 0.302 | 1.01 | 0.50 | ||||
1954 + 513 | C | 0.771 | 11.76 | −0.22 | 1.220 | 0.66 | 0.67 | ||||
E | 0.771 | ||||||||||
2005 + 403 | C | 0.389 | 4.30 | −0.12 | 1.736 | ||||||
2005 + 642 | A | 0.553 | 16.73 | +0.38 | 1.574 | ||||||
2007 + 777 | B | 5.390 | + | 22.73 | −0.19 | 0.342 | 0.72 | 0.64 | + | ||
D | 10.748 | + | |||||||||
2010 + 723 | A | 1.923 | 20.18 | −0.27 | |||||||
2013 + 370 | E | 0.158 | 1.22 | −0.03 | + | ||||||
2021 + 614 | D | 0.559 | 13.78 | −0.19 | 0.227 | 0.79 | 0.36 | ||||
2022 + 542 | C | 0.570 | 9.66 | −0.90 | 0.30 | ||||||
2023 + 760 | A | 2.677 | + | 21.13 | +0.07 | 0.594 | + | ||||
2107 + 353 | C | 0.852 | −8.35 | +0.13 | 0.202 | 1.48 | 0.18 | + | |||
2136 + 141 | E | 0.293 | −27.54 | −0.14 | 2.427 | 0.60 | 0.66 | ||||
2155 + 312 | B | 4.932 | + | −18.24 | +0.02 | 1.486 | + | ||||
E | 2.416 | ||||||||||
2200 + 420 | D | 1.473 | −10.44 | −0.08 | 0.069 | 0.37 | 0.45 | + | |||
E | 0.793 | ||||||||||
2201 + 315 | C | 0.148 | −18.78 | −0.09 | 0.295 | 0.94 | 0.45 | + | |||
2209 + 236 | C | 1.310 | −26.09 | +0.13 | 1.125 | 0.85 | + | ||||
D | 3.085 | + | |||||||||
2223 + 210 | C | 0.444 | −30.09 | −0.24 | 1.959 | 1.26 | 0.17 | ||||
D | 0.143 | ||||||||||
2230 + 114 | E | 0.117 | −38.58 | −0.20 | 1.037 | 1.04 | 0.40 | + | |||
2309 + 454 | B | 7.917 | + | −13.70 | +0.13 | 1.447 | |||||
D | 10.230 | + | |||||||||
E | 1.766 | ||||||||||
2351 + 456 | B | 0.152 | −15.85 | −0.26 | 1.992 | 0.50 | + |
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1 | |
2 | |
3 |
Epoch | Date (dd.mm–dd.mm.yyyy) | Duration [h] | Number of Observed Sources | Average Sampling [] | Duty Cycle [] | [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 18.07–20.07.2014 | 62.0 | 37 | 14.8 | 0.40 | 0.50 |
B | 12.09–15.09.2014 | 66.6 | 45 | 15.9 | 0.35 | 0.40 |
C | 31.07–06.08.2015 | 73.6 | 42 | 14.3 | 0.34 | 0.40 |
D | 17.12–21.12.2015 | 82.4 | 39 | 14.5 | 0.37 | 0.35 |
E | 20.12–24.12.2016 | 84.4 | 41 | 14.0 | 0.34 | 0.60 |
Likelihood Analysis | Anderson–Darling Test | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subsample | Source Num. | [%] | [%] | Significance | Significance | |
1 Jy | 53 | |||||
1 Jy | 54 | |||||
−0.1 | 51 | |||||
−0.1 | 56 | |||||
-ray quiet | 44 | |||||
-ray loud | 63 | |||||
34 | <1 | <1 | ||||
73 |
TMIN | TMAX | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subsample | [%] | [%] | Significance | [%] | [%] | Significance |
1 Jy | ||||||
1 Jy | ||||||
−0.1 | ||||||
−0.1 | ||||||
-ray quiet | ||||||
-ray loud | ||||||
<1 | ||||||
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Liu, J.; Bignall, H.; Krichbaum, T.P.; Liu, X.; Kraus, A.; Kovalev, Y.Y.; Sokolovsky, K.V.; Angelakis, E.; Zensus, J.A. Effelsberg Monitoring of a Sample of RadioAstron Blazars: Analysis of Intra-Day Variability. Galaxies 2018, 6, 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies6020049
Liu J, Bignall H, Krichbaum TP, Liu X, Kraus A, Kovalev YY, Sokolovsky KV, Angelakis E, Zensus JA. Effelsberg Monitoring of a Sample of RadioAstron Blazars: Analysis of Intra-Day Variability. Galaxies. 2018; 6(2):49. https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies6020049
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Jun, Hayley Bignall, Thomas P. Krichbaum, Xiang Liu, Alex Kraus, Yuri Y. Kovalev, Kirill V. Sokolovsky, Emmanouil Angelakis, and J. Anton Zensus. 2018. "Effelsberg Monitoring of a Sample of RadioAstron Blazars: Analysis of Intra-Day Variability" Galaxies 6, no. 2: 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies6020049
APA StyleLiu, J., Bignall, H., Krichbaum, T. P., Liu, X., Kraus, A., Kovalev, Y. Y., Sokolovsky, K. V., Angelakis, E., & Zensus, J. A. (2018). Effelsberg Monitoring of a Sample of RadioAstron Blazars: Analysis of Intra-Day Variability. Galaxies, 6(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies6020049