Prevalence of Osteosarcopenic Adiposity in Apparently Healthy Adults and Appraisal of Age, Sex, and Ethnic Differences
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Anthropometric and Bioimpedance Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Implications for Future Research
- While the majority of the studies were conducted in older women (either White or Asian), equally important would be the studies in younger individuals, as the evidence from the current study and earlier work [21] identified OSA phenotypes in healthy, young, obese individuals.
- ○
- Therefore, both men and women of different ages and races/ethnicities (there are no studies on African Americans), as well as critical populations (e.g., institutionalized individuals), would provide for better diagnostic criteria.
- ▪
- For example, a close approximation of its prevalence in the general population could be obtained from large population databases like NHANES, KNHANES, or the UK Biobank, which comprise relatively healthy participants of a wide age range and the same regional and environmental influences; however, the ethnic differences must be accounted for.
- Body composition could be measured by various devices (e.g., DXA, BIA, ultrasound for bones, BMI for obesity—not recommended); however, the prevalence of OSA should be compared among studies that used the same/similar technology.
- ○
- Furthermore, to differentiate the OSA from other body composition impairments, the comparison should be made with those having osteopenia/osteoporosis, osteopenic adiposity, sarcopenia, sarcopenic adiposity, or osteopenic sarcopenia, or adiposity-alone, and most importantly with those of normal body composition parameters. This will provide more insight into OSA and its association with other health issues.
- The development of biomarkers for each tissue and their combination could also help in the identification of OSA; however, the investigation of these biomarkers in the context of OSA syndrome is still in the early stages.
- ○
- Some pilot studies specified the combination of increased levels of serum sclerostin (a bone resorption marker), skeletal muscle troponin (a muscle breakdown marker), leptin (an indicator of higher adiposity), and an inferior lipid profile as possible markers for OSA. However, some fine-tuning and more studies are necessary. In this context, a series of omics will need to be determined to serve as potential biomarkers.
- Additionally, given the fast genomic developments (sequencing and molecular drug exploitation), “the precision medicine concepts can also be utilized to outline OSA using multiple data sources, from genomics to digital health metrics to artificial intelligence, to facilitate individualized yet “evidence-based” decisions regarding diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this way, therapeutics can be centered toward patients based on their molecular presentation rather than grouping them into broad categories with a “one-size-fits-all” approach” citation from [7].
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Women (n = 6412) | Men (n = 3307) | p * | Reference Values |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (y) | 47.6 ± 13.3 | 47.8 ± 14.1 | 0.412 | |
Weight (cm) | 66.7 ± 14.4 | 82.9 ± 15.1 | <0.001 | |
Height (kg) | 163.1 ± 6.6 | 176.4 ± 7.0 | <0.001 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 ± 5.4 | 26.6 ± 4.6 | <0.001 | 18–24.9 |
T–score | −1.1 ± 0.8 | −0.3 ± 0.7 | <0.001 | >−1.0 |
S–score | −0.9 ± 1.4 | −0.1 ± 1.2 | <0.001 | >−1.0 |
FM (%) | 33.2 ± 8.6 | 32.5 ± 7.3 | <0.001 | 12–31.9% W 7–24.9% M |
IMAT (%) | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ± 0.4 | <0.001 | <2.0% |
18–39 (y) | 40–59 (y) | 60–79 (y) | ≥80 (y) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | W n = 1790 | M n = 953 | W n = 3342 | M n = 1633 | W n = 1233 | M n = 693 | W n = 47 | M n = 28 |
Osteopenia/ osteoporosis | 52.0 a | 14.2 | 62.9 a | 15.6 | 75.3 a | 37.9 | 89.3 | 82.1 |
Sarcopenia | 42.0 a | 20.8 | 56.4 a | 23.1 | 67.9 a | 47.6 | 89.3 | 89.2 |
Obesity (based on FM%) | 39.1 a | 72.2 | 56.4 a | 90.3 | 81.3 a | 94.5 | 87.2 b | 100.0 |
Obesity (based on BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 39.2 a | 53.5 | 48.6 a | 72.8 | 61.5 a | 78.9 | 87.2 | 85.7 |
Age (y) | BMI (kg/m2) | FM (%) | IMAT (%) | S-Score | T-Score | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | ||||||
With OSA (n = 1358) | 58.1 ± 11.5 a | 24.6 ± 2.2 a | 36.7 ± 3.9 a | 2.4 ± 0.3 a | −1.8 ± 0.6 a | −1.7 ± 0.4 a |
Without OSA (n = 5054) | 44.7 ± 12.5 | 25.2 ± 6.0 | 32.2 ± 9.3 | 1.9 ± 0.5 | −0.6 ± 1.4 | −0.9 ± 0.8 |
Men | ||||||
With OSA (n = 464) | 58.2 ± 14.5 a | 24.0 ± 2.4 a | 33.0 ± 4.8 | 2.4 ± 0.3 a | −1.6 ± 1.4 a | −1.3 ± 0.3 a |
Without OSA (n = 2843) | 46.1 ± 13.3 | 27.0 ± 4.7 | 32.5 ± 7.6 | 2.2 ± 0.4 | −0.0 ± 1.1 | −0.1 ± 0.6 |
Age Group (y) | Age (y) | BMI (kg/m2) | FM% | IMAT% | S-Score | T-Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | ||||||
18–39 (n = 1790) | 31.1 ± 5.8 a | 24.1 ± 5.1 a | 29.9 ± 8.6 a | 1.6 ± 0.5 a | −0.5 ± 1.2 a | −0.8 ± 0.7 a |
40–59 (n = 3342) | 49.1 ± 5.4 a | 25.0 ± 5.3 a | 33.2 ± 8.3 a | 2.0 ± 0.4 a | −0.9 ± 1.4 a | −1.1 ± 0.8 a |
60–79 (n = 1233) | 66.2 ± 4.9 a | 26.6 ± 5.7 | 37.8 ± 7.4 | 2.5 ± 0.3 a | −1.4 ± 1.5 a | −1.5 ± 0.9 a |
≥80 (n = 47) | 83.3 ± 2.8 | 25.5 ± 4.3 | 39.0 ± 6.8 | 2.8 ± 0.3 | −2.6 ± 1.1 | −2.2 ± 0.6 |
Men | ||||||
18–39 (n = 953) | 30.6 ± 5.8 a | 25.4 ± 4.7 a | 29.1 ± 7.5 a | 1.8 ± 0.4 a | 0.0 ± 1.1 b | −0.1 ± 0.7 c |
40–59 (n = 1633) | 49.3 ± 5.5 a | 27.0 ± 4.5 d | 33.2 ± 6.8 a | 2.2 ± 0.3 a | −0.1 ± 1.1 a | −0.2 ± 0.7 a |
60–79 (n = 693) | 66.7 ± 4.9 a | 27.3 ± 4.5 | 35.5 ± 6.3 | 2.6 ± 0.3 a | −0.7 ± 1.6 a | −0.7 ± 0.7 a |
≥80 (n = 28) | 82.9 ± 3.4 | 26.4 ± 2.8 | 37.6 ± 4.5 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | −1.7 ± 0.7 | −1.3 ± 0.4 |
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Cvijetić, S.; Keser, I.; Boschiero, D.; Ilich, J.Z. Prevalence of Osteosarcopenic Adiposity in Apparently Healthy Adults and Appraisal of Age, Sex, and Ethnic Differences. J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14, 782. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14080782
Cvijetić S, Keser I, Boschiero D, Ilich JZ. Prevalence of Osteosarcopenic Adiposity in Apparently Healthy Adults and Appraisal of Age, Sex, and Ethnic Differences. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2024; 14(8):782. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14080782
Chicago/Turabian StyleCvijetić, Selma, Irena Keser, Dario Boschiero, and Jasminka Z. Ilich. 2024. "Prevalence of Osteosarcopenic Adiposity in Apparently Healthy Adults and Appraisal of Age, Sex, and Ethnic Differences" Journal of Personalized Medicine 14, no. 8: 782. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14080782
APA StyleCvijetić, S., Keser, I., Boschiero, D., & Ilich, J. Z. (2024). Prevalence of Osteosarcopenic Adiposity in Apparently Healthy Adults and Appraisal of Age, Sex, and Ethnic Differences. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 14(8), 782. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14080782