Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) and Future Physical and Mental Functional Health in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk Population-Based Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Considerations
2.2. Data Availability
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Physical Component Summary
4.2. Mental Component Summary
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HbA1c range (mmol/mol) | ≤29 | 29.1–32.2 | 32.3–35.5 | 35.6–38.8 | ≥38.8 | |
HbA1c range (%) | ≤4.80 | 4.81–5.10 | 5.11–5.40 | 5.41–5.69 | ≥5.70 | |
Number | 1822 | 1408 | 1599 | 1172 | 1342 | |
Demographic | ||||||
Male (%) | 739 (40.6) | 607 (43.1) | 711 (44.4) | 535 (45.6) | 638 (47.5) | 0.0016 |
Female (%) | 1083 (59.4) | 801 (56.9) | 888 (55.6) | 637 (44.4) | 704 (52.5) | |
Age mean (sd) | 52.2 (9.2) | 56.8 (9.4) | 58.2 (9.3) | 60.4 (8.9) | 62.7 (8.5) | <0.0001 |
BMI mean (sd) m2 | 25.6 (3.6) | 25.7 (3.6) | 26.2 (3.8) | 26.3 (4.0) | 27.31 (4.4) | <0.0001 |
Townsend Deprivation Index mean (sd) | −2.3 (2.1) | −2.3 (2.1) | −2.2 (2.2) | −2.1 (2.2) | −2.0 (2.3) | 0.00056 |
Activity level | <0.0001 | |||||
Inactive (%) | 446 (24.5) | 389 (27.6) | 438 (27.4) | 380 (32.4) | 519 (38.7) | |
Moderately inactive (%) | 534 (29.3) | 418 (29.7) | 488 (30.5) | 342 (29.2) | 348 (25.9) | |
Moderately active (%) | 462 (25.4) | 327 (23.2) | 383 (24.0) | 267 (22.8) | 266 (19.8) | |
Active (%) | 380 (20.9) | 274 (19.5) | 290 (18.1) | 183 (15.6) | 209 (15.6) | |
Smoking status | <0.0001 | |||||
Current smoker (%) | 148 (8.2) | 115 (8.2) | 169 (10.7) | 141 (12.1) | 160 (12.0) | |
Ex-smoker (%) | 706 (38.9) | 563 (40.2) | 657 (41.4) | 502 (43.1) | 619 (46.3) | |
Never smoker (%) | 960 (52.9) | 721 (51.5) | 760 (47.9) | 523 (44.9) | 559 (41.8) | |
Alcohol intake Units per week | ||||||
0 (%) | 179 (9.9) | 145 (10.4) | 171 (10.8) | 146 (12.4) | 207 (15.6) | <0.0001 |
>0–7 (%) | 906 (49.9) | 705 (50.4) | 837 (52.7) | 642 (54.6) | 698 (52.0) | |
>7–<14 (%) | 376 (20.7) | 299 (21.4) | 318 (20.0) | 210 (17.9) | 233 (17.5) | |
14–21 (%) | 173 (9.5) | 125 (8.9) | 145 (9.1) | 87 (7.4) | 100 (7.5) | |
>21 (%) | 183 (10.1) | 124 (8.9) | 116 (7.3) | 79 (6.7) | 90 (6.8) | |
Prevalent Illness | ||||||
Diabetes diagnosis (%) | 5 (0.3) | 6 (0.4) | 4 (0.3) | 9 (0.8) | 143 (10.7) | <0.0001 |
Diabetes drugs (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.1) | 5 (0.4) | 123 (9.2) | <0.0001 |
Stroke (%) | 25 (1.4) | 12 (0.9) | 17 (1.1) | 16 (1.4) | 28 (2.9) | 0.057 |
MI (%) | 27 (1.5) | 25 (1.8) | 37 (2.3) | 35 (3.0) | 67 (5.0) | <0.0001 |
Cancer (%) | 88 (4.8) | 81 (6.1) | 97 (6.1) | 77 (6.6) | 99 (7.4) | 0.045 |
Asthma (%) | 172 (9.4) | 113 (8.0) | 132 (8.3) | 103 (8.8) | 133 (9.9) | 0.35 |
COPD (%) | 138 (7.6) | 114 (8.1) | 146 (9.1) | 118 (10.1) | 122 (9.1) | 0.59 |
SF-36 Outcomes at follow-up | ||||||
PCS mean (sd) | 49.6 (9.3) | 48.9 (9.3) | 48.1 (9.7) | 46.8 (10.4) | 45.7 (10.9) | <0.0001 |
MCS mean (sd) | 51.2 (9.4) | 52.2 (9.3) | 52.1 (9.3) | 52.5 (9.6) | 52.9 (9.5) | <0.0001 |
OR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Demographic | |||
Sex | |||
Female | 1 | 0.072 | |
Male | 1.13 | (0.99–1.29) | |
Age | 1.06 | (1.06–1.07) | <0.0001 |
BMI | 1.08 | (1.06–1.09) | <0.0001 |
Medical History | |||
MI | |||
No previous MI | 1 | 0.019 | |
Previous MI | 1.47 | (1.07–2.02) | |
Asthma | |||
No asthma | 1 | 0.036 | |
Asthma | 1.26 | (1.02–1.55) | |
Lifestyle | |||
Smoker | |||
Never | 1 | <0.0001 | |
Former | 1.10 | (0.95–1.26) | |
Current | 1.80 | (1.46–2.22) | |
Physical activity | |||
Active | 1 | 0.36 | |
Moderately Active | 0.92 | (0.75–1.13) | |
Moderately Inactive | 0.88 | (0.72–1.07) | |
Inactive | 1.00 | (0.83–1.22) | |
Alcohol intake | |||
None | 1 | 0.0036 | |
>0–7 | 0.83 | (0.69–1.00) | |
>7–14 | 0.71 | (0.57–0.89) | |
>14–21 | 0.68 | (0.51–0.90) | |
>21 | 0.61 | (0.45–0.82) |
SF-36 PCS | SF-36 MCS | |
---|---|---|
Univariate | −0.15 | 0.056 |
(−0.17–−0.12) *** | (0.032–0.080) *** | |
Model 1 | −0.069 | 0.0044 |
(−0.094–−0.044) *** | (−0.020–0.029) | |
Model 2 | −0.054 | 0.011 |
(−0.079–−0.029) *** | (−0.014–0.035) | |
Model 3 | −0.031 | 0.012 |
(−0.055–−0.0060) * | (−0.012–0.037) | |
Model 4 | −0.011 | 0.029 |
(−0.039–0.016) | (0.0013–0.057) * |
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McLachlan, F.; Johnstone, A.M.; Myint, P.K. Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) and Future Physical and Mental Functional Health in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk Population-Based Study. J. Pers. Med. 2023, 13, 1336. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13091336
McLachlan F, Johnstone AM, Myint PK. Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) and Future Physical and Mental Functional Health in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk Population-Based Study. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2023; 13(9):1336. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13091336
Chicago/Turabian StyleMcLachlan, Fiona, Alexandra M. Johnstone, and Phyo Kyaw Myint. 2023. "Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) and Future Physical and Mental Functional Health in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk Population-Based Study" Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, no. 9: 1336. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13091336
APA StyleMcLachlan, F., Johnstone, A. M., & Myint, P. K. (2023). Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) and Future Physical and Mental Functional Health in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk Population-Based Study. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 13(9), 1336. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13091336