Understanding Cognitive Deficits in People with High Blood Pressure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. High Blood Pressure
2.2.2. Cognitive Abilities
2.2.3. Demographic Controls
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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People with High Blood Pressure | People without High Blood Pressure | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. |
Age | 59.71 | 15.39 | 59.37 | 17.02 |
Monthly income | 1389.61 | 1253.29 | 1563.54 | 1651.06 |
Immediate task recall (standardized) | −0.24 | 0.99 | −0.12 | 0.96 |
Delayed task recall (standardized) | −0.28 | 0.96 | −0.13 | 0.97 |
Semantic verbal fluency (standardized) | −0.17 | 0.98 | −0.01 | 1.00 |
Fluid reasoning (standardized) | −0.20 | 0.98 | −0.07 | 0.98 |
Numerical ability (standardized) | −0.07 | 0.86 | 0.04 | 0.87 |
N | % | N | % | |
Sex | ||||
Male | 1373 | 46.14 | 2358 | 46.09 |
Female | 1603 | 53.86 | 2758 | 53.91 |
Highest educational qualification | ||||
Below college | 2256 | 75.81 | 3617 | 70.70 |
College | 720 | 24.19 | 1499 | 29.30 |
Legal marital status | ||||
Single | 1226 | 41.20 | 1794 | 35.07 |
Married | 1750 | 58.80 | 3322 | 64.93 |
Residence | ||||
Urban | 2215 | 74.43 | 3728 | 72.87 |
Rural | 761 | 25.57 | 1388 | 22.96 |
A. Immediate Word Recall | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | SumSq | DF | MeanSq | F | p-Value |
Age | 335.95 | 1 | 335.95 | 436.34 | p < 0.001 |
Sex | 74.82 | 1 | 74.82 | 97.18 | p < 0.001 |
Monthly income | 12.09 | 1 | 12.09 | 15.70 | p < 0.001 |
Highest educational qualification | 142.77 | 1 | 142.77 | 185.44 | p < 0.001 |
Legal marital status | 6.90 | 1 | 6.90 | 8.96 | p < 0.01 |
Residence | 7.90 | 1 | 7.90 | 10.26 | p < 0.01 |
Error | 3933.5 | 5109 | 0.77 | ||
B. Delayed word recall | |||||
Variable | SumSq | DF | MeanSq | F | p-Value |
Age | 354.35 | 1 | 354.35 | 289.01 | p < 0.001 |
Sex | 78.26 | 1 | 78.26 | 8.36 | p < 0.01 |
Monthly income | 5.97 | 1 | 5.97 | 12.69 | p < 0.001 |
Highest educational qualification | 107.44 | 1 | 107.44 | 107.85 | p < 0.001 |
Legal marital status | 5.88 | 1 | 5.88 | 12.41 | p < 0.001 |
Residence | 9.28 | 1 | 9.28 | 25.15 | p < 0.001 |
Error | 4141.4 | 5109 | 0.81 | ||
C. Animal naming | |||||
Variable | SumSq | DF | MeanSq | F | p-Value |
Age | 258.5 | 1 | 198.86 | 233.84 | p < 0.001 |
Sex | 7.48 | 1 | 3.82 | 4.49 | p < 0.05 |
Monthly income | 11.35 | 1 | 11.28 | 13.26 | p < 0.001 |
Highest educational qualification | 96.47 | 1 | 96.47 | 107.85 | p < 0.001 |
Legal marital status | 11.10 | 1 | 13.21 | 15.54 | p < 0.001 |
Residence | 22.49 | 1 | 22.49 | 19.02 | p < 0.001 |
Error | 4569.7 | 5109 | 0.89 | ||
D. Number series | |||||
Variable | SumSq | DF | MeanSq | F | p-Value |
Age | 100.38 | 1 | 100.38 | 121.35 | p < 0.001 |
Sex | 42.75 | 1 | 42.75 | 51.68 | p < 0.001 |
Monthly income | 37.19 | 1 | 37.19 | 44.96 | p < 0.001 |
Highest educational qualification | 237.59 | 1 | 237.59 | 287.22 | p < 0.001 |
Legal marital status | 32.69 | 1 | 32.69 | 39.52 | p < 0.001 |
Residence | 13.26 | 1 | 13.26 | 16.03 | p < 0.001 |
Error | 4226.3 | 5109 | 0.83 | ||
E. Numeracy | |||||
Variable | SumSq | DF | MeanSq | F | p-Value |
Age | 15.37 | 1 | 15.37 | 23.68 | p < 0.001 |
Sex | 120.45 | 1 | 120.45 | 185.65 | p < 0.001 |
Monthly income | 28.72 | 1 | 28.72 | 44.27 | p < 0.001 |
Highest educational qualification | 185.66 | 1 | 185.66 | 286.15 | p < 0.001 |
Legal marital status | 29.30 | 1 | 29.30 | 45.16 | p < 0.001 |
Residence | 17.22 | 1 | 7.22 | 26.55 | p < 0.001 |
Error | 3314.8 | 5109 | 0.65 |
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Kang, W.; Pineda Hernández, S. Understanding Cognitive Deficits in People with High Blood Pressure. J. Pers. Med. 2023, 13, 1592. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13111592
Kang W, Pineda Hernández S. Understanding Cognitive Deficits in People with High Blood Pressure. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2023; 13(11):1592. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13111592
Chicago/Turabian StyleKang, Weixi, and Sònia Pineda Hernández. 2023. "Understanding Cognitive Deficits in People with High Blood Pressure" Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, no. 11: 1592. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13111592