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Volume 12
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Article

A Mixed-Methods Protocol to Identify Best Practices for Implementing Pharmacogenetic Testing in Clinical Settings

by
Nina R. Sperber
1,2,*,
Deborah Cragun
3,
Megan C. Roberts
4,
Lisa M. Bendz
5,
Parker Ince
1,
Sarah Gonzales
1,
Susanne B. Haga
6,
R. Ryanne Wu
2,6,
Natasha J. Petry
7,
Laura Ramsey
8 and
Ryley Uber
9
1
Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
2
Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC 27705, USA
3
College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
4
UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
5
Center for Medication Policy and Drug Information, Department of Pharmacy, Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC 27710, USA
6
Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
7
School of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University/Sanford Health Imagenetics, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
8
Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Clinical Pharmacology and Research in Patient Services, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
9
Center for Pharmacy Innovation and Outcomes, Geisinger, Danville, CA 17822, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12(8), 1313; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12081313
Submission received: 6 July 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 9 August 2022 / Published: 13 August 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalized Medicine: The Future of Health Care)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Using a patient’s genetic information to inform medication prescriptions can be clinically effective; however, the practice has not been widely implemented. Health systems need guidance on how to engage with providers to improve pharmacogenetic test utilization. Approaches from the field of implementation science may shed light on the complex factors affecting pharmacogenetic test use in real-world settings and areas to target to improve utilization. This paper presents an approach to studying the application of precision medicine that utilizes mixed qualitative and quantitative methods and implementation science frameworks to understand which factors or combinations consistently account for high versus low utilization of pharmocogenetic testing. This approach involves two phases: (1) collection of qualitative and quantitative data from providers—the cases—at four clinical institutions about their experiences with, and utilization of, pharmacogenetic testing to identify salient factors; and (2) analysis using a Configurational Comparative Method (CCM), using a mathematical algorithm to identify the minimally necessary and sufficient factors that distinguish providers who have higher utilization from those with low utilization. Advantages of this approach are that it can be used for small to moderate sample sizes, and it accounts for conditions found in real-world settings by demonstrating how they coincide to affect utilization.
Keywords: pharmacogenomics; coincidence analysis; configurational comparative methods; health services research; implementation science; mixed methods pharmacogenomics; coincidence analysis; configurational comparative methods; health services research; implementation science; mixed methods

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MDPI and ACS Style

Sperber, N.R.; Cragun, D.; Roberts, M.C.; Bendz, L.M.; Ince, P.; Gonzales, S.; Haga, S.B.; Wu, R.R.; Petry, N.J.; Ramsey, L.; et al. A Mixed-Methods Protocol to Identify Best Practices for Implementing Pharmacogenetic Testing in Clinical Settings. J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12, 1313. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12081313

AMA Style

Sperber NR, Cragun D, Roberts MC, Bendz LM, Ince P, Gonzales S, Haga SB, Wu RR, Petry NJ, Ramsey L, et al. A Mixed-Methods Protocol to Identify Best Practices for Implementing Pharmacogenetic Testing in Clinical Settings. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2022; 12(8):1313. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12081313

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sperber, Nina R., Deborah Cragun, Megan C. Roberts, Lisa M. Bendz, Parker Ince, Sarah Gonzales, Susanne B. Haga, R. Ryanne Wu, Natasha J. Petry, Laura Ramsey, and et al. 2022. "A Mixed-Methods Protocol to Identify Best Practices for Implementing Pharmacogenetic Testing in Clinical Settings" Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 8: 1313. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12081313

APA Style

Sperber, N. R., Cragun, D., Roberts, M. C., Bendz, L. M., Ince, P., Gonzales, S., Haga, S. B., Wu, R. R., Petry, N. J., Ramsey, L., & Uber, R. (2022). A Mixed-Methods Protocol to Identify Best Practices for Implementing Pharmacogenetic Testing in Clinical Settings. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(8), 1313. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12081313

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