Maintenance of Maternal Breastfeeding up to 6 Months: Predictive Models
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting and Sample
2.2. Study Variables
- (a)
- Cessation of EBF due to the introduction of solid foods, i.e., “by the recommendation of a health professional” or “the mother’s decision”;
- (b)
- Cessation of EBF due to the introduction of the bottle, i.e., “by recommendation of a health professional”, “influenced by the social or family environment”, “the child is not gaining weight according to the standard criteria for age”, “work reasons”, “the child is still hungry”, and” problems with breastfeeding”.
2.3. Measuring Procedures and Instruments
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Maintenance of EBF
3.2. Early Cessation of EBF
4. Discussion
4.1. Prevalence of the Different Types of Breastfeeding Practiced in Our Setting
4.2. Epidemiological Factors
4.3. Relationship between the Reasons for Cessation and Duration of Exclusive Breastfeeding
4.4. Implications for Clinical Practice
4.5. Limitations and Strengths
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Not Exclusive Breastfeeding for 6 Months | Exclusive Breastfeeding for 6 Months | * p |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | ||
Social and Individual Maternal, Infant O Mother–Child Factors | |||
AGE OF THE MOTHER | |||
Up to 30 years | 57 (30.16) | 13 (27.7) | 0.73 |
>than 30 years | 132 (69.8) | 34 (72.3) | |
NATIONALITY | |||
Spanish | 155 (82.01) | 42 (89.4) | 0.23 |
Foreign | 34 (17.99) | 5 (10.6) | |
EDUCATION LEVEL | |||
Primary school | 51 (26.98) | 14 (29.8) | 0.68 |
Secondary school or higher | 138 (73.02) | 33 (70.2) | |
LIVE WITH YOUR PARTNER | |||
Yes | 183 (96.83) | 47 (100) | 0.18 |
No | 6 (3.17) | 0 (0) | |
MARITAL STATUS | |||
Married or with partner | 114 (60.32) | 33 (70.2) | 0.19 |
Other situations | 75 (39.68) | 14 (29.8) | |
WORK SITUATION | |||
Employed | 97 (51.32) | 18 (38.3) | 0.10 |
Unemployed | 92 (48.68) | 29 (61.7) | |
MATERNITY LEAVE | |||
without maternity leave | 84 (44.44) | 26 (55.3) | 0.17 |
on maternity leave | 105 (55.55) | 21 (44.7) | |
SEX OF NEWBORN | |||
Boy | 105 (55.55) | 21 (44.7) | 0.17 |
Girl | 84 (44.44) | 26 (55.3) | |
CLINICAL FEATURES | |||
PREVIOUS NUMBER OF CHILDREN | |||
Neither | 83 (44.15) | 23 (48.9) | 0.20 |
Only one | 80 (42.33) | 22 (46.8) | |
Two or more | 26 (13.76) | 2 (4.3) | |
DAYS OF GESTATION | |||
<280 | 101 (53.44) | 23 (48.9) | 0.55 |
≥280 | 88 (46.56) | 24 (51.1) | |
ANESTHESIA | |||
without anesthesia | 28 (14.81) | 5 (10.6) | 0.41 |
with anesthesia | 161 (85.2) | 42 (89.4) | |
BIRTH WEIGHT (kg) | |||
≤3.250 | 91 (48.1) | 21 (44.7) | 0.64 |
>3.250 | 98 (51.9) | 26 (55.3) | |
TYPE OF DELIVERY | |||
Vaginal with or whitout instrumental | 145 (76.7) | 36 (76.6) | 0.97 |
Cesarean section | 44 (23.3) | 11 (23.4) | |
HAVE DECIDED ON THE TYPE OF LACTATION PRIOR TO DELIVERY | |||
Yes, breastfeeding | 173 (91.5) | 47 (100) | 0.03 |
They haven’t decided yet | 17 (8.9) | 0 (0.00) | |
DECISION OF THE DURATION TO CONTINUE THE BREASTFEEDING | |||
One month | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 0.23 |
Two months | 0 | 0 (0) | |
Three months | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0) | |
Between 3 and 6 month | 69 (36.5) | 11 (23.4) | |
As long as the baby wants it | 18 (9.5) | 7 (14.9) | |
As long as I can | 86 (45.5) | 29 (61.7) | |
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CLINICAL OR FAMILY ENVIRONMENT | |||
BELIEVE THAT THE BABY IS HUNGRY | |||
The baby is satisfied | 118 (62.4) | 39 (83) | 0.00 |
The baby isn’t satisfied or I have doubts | 71 (37.6) | 8 (17) | |
THEY OFFERED BOTTLES OF WATER OR ORS IN THE HOSPITAL | |||
Yes | 73 (38.6) | 26 (55.3) | 0.04 |
Not | 116 (61.4) | 21 (44.7) | |
THEY OFFERED FORMULA FEEDING | |||
Not | 53 (28.1) | 20 (42.6) | 0.06 |
Yes | 136 (71.9) | 27 (57.4) | |
INITIAL PRACTICE PROBLEMS WITH BREASTFEEDING | |||
Not | 155 (82.1) | 36 (76.6) | 0.38 |
Yes | 34 (17.9) | 11 (23.4) | |
THEY SOLVED THE BREASTFEEDING PROBLEMS | |||
Not | 81 (42.9) | 23 (48.9) | 0.47 |
Yes | 108 (57.1) | 24 (51.1) | |
BREASTFEEDING COUNSELLING | |||
Not recivied or not necesary | 75 (39.7) | 13 (27.7) | 0.18 |
Search itself | 25 (13.2) | 5 (10.6) | |
Health profesional or support group | 89 (47.01) | 29 (61.7) | |
COUPLE OPINION REGARDING BREASTFEEDING | |||
Not in favor | 3 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 0.08 |
In favor | 171 (90.5) | 47 (100) | |
Indifferent | 15 (7.93) | 0 (0) |
Relationship beteween Use of Pacifier and Time Achieved of EBF | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | n (%) | Time of EBF (Days) | SD | χ2 |
USE OF THE PACIFIER | ||||
Not use pacifier | 68 (28.8) | 118.9 | 69.14 | <0.001 |
Start using in the first 29 days | 67 (28.4) | 57.19 | 67.42 | |
Start using from the first 30 days | 101 (42.8) | 73.37 | 74.28 | |
RELATIONSHIP BETEWEEN AVERAGE NUMBER OF DAYS OF PREGNANCY AND TIME ACHIEVED OF EBF | ||||
VARIABLES | n (%) | Time of pregnancy (days) | SD | t |
EBF 3 MONTHS | ||||
NOT | 124 (52.5) | 275.23 | 8.6 | 0.001 |
YES | 112 (47.45) | 277.93 | 7.6 | |
EBF 6 MONTHS | ||||
NOT | 190 (88.5) | 275.99 | 8.47 | 0.05 |
YES | 46 (19.49) | 278.64 | 6.79 | |
RELATIONSHIP BETEWEEN PRIOR EXPERIENCE IN EBF AND MAINTENANCE OF EBF 6 MONTHS | ||||
VARIABLES | n (%) | Maintenance of EBF 6 months (OR) | CI 95% | p* |
TIME OF EBF TO OTHERS PREVIOUS CHILDRENS | ||||
No time | 4 (7.14) | Ref. | ||
Until 6 months | 7 (13.73) | 2.205 | (0.59–8.22) | 0.239 |
Over 6 months | 14 (40) | 8.902 | (2.60–30.4) | 0.00 |
Influential Variables | OR | IC 95% | * p |
---|---|---|---|
BELIEVE THE BABY IS NOT SATISFIED OR HAVING DOUBTS | 2.96 | (0.149–768) | 0.01 |
HAVING OFFERED BOTTLES OF WATER OR ORS | 0.52 | (1.000–3.707) | 0.05 |
Reasons Aluded by the Mothers | n (%) | Average Days of EBF | SD | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Reasons for introducing artificial milk bottles | Health recommendation | 7 (2.9) | 115.7 | 41.3 |
Influence of social or family environment | 11 (4.6) | 107.8 | 51.5 | |
The baby does not weight gain according to standards | 4 (1.6) | 97.5 | 58.1 | |
Labour problems | 24 (10.1) | 96.0 | 40.2 | |
The baby gets hungry | 21 (8.9) | 76.7 | 51.9 | |
Problems with breastfeeding | 27 (11.4) | 60.8 | 49.8 | |
Reasons for introducing solid foods | Health recommendation | 84 (35.6) | 100.4 | 55.1 |
She decides for herself | 7 (2.9) | 105.7 | 60.2 |
Reasons for Introducing Artificial Milk Bottles | n (%) | Average Days of EBF | SD | * p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Influence of social or family environment | 162 (68.6) | 88.9 | 81.3 | 0.05 |
Labour problems | 26 (11) | 88.65 | 46.53 | |
Health recommendation | 11 (4.7) | 73.64 | 66.56 | |
Autoeficacy = The baby gets hungry + not sufficient weight gain according to standards | 38 (16.1) | 52.63 | 56.98 |
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Santacruz-Salas, E.; Segura-Fragoso, A.; Pozuelo-Carrascosa, D.P.; Cobo-Cuenca, A.I.; Carmona-Torres, J.M.; Laredo-Aguilera, J.A. Maintenance of Maternal Breastfeeding up to 6 Months: Predictive Models. J. Pers. Med. 2021, 11, 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11050396
Santacruz-Salas E, Segura-Fragoso A, Pozuelo-Carrascosa DP, Cobo-Cuenca AI, Carmona-Torres JM, Laredo-Aguilera JA. Maintenance of Maternal Breastfeeding up to 6 Months: Predictive Models. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2021; 11(5):396. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11050396
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantacruz-Salas, Esmeralda, Antonio Segura-Fragoso, Diana P. Pozuelo-Carrascosa, Ana Isabel Cobo-Cuenca, Juan Manuel Carmona-Torres, and José Alberto Laredo-Aguilera. 2021. "Maintenance of Maternal Breastfeeding up to 6 Months: Predictive Models" Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 5: 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11050396