Sex Differences in Time-Series Changes in Pseudo-R2 Values Regarding Hyperuricemia in Relation to the Kidney Prognosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Covariable Assessments
2.3. Study End Point
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Patient Characteristics
3.2. Hyperuricemia as a Progression-Related Factor in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
3.3. Time-Series Changes in Pseudo-R2 Values in Terms of the Prognostic Efficacy
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Entire Cohort | Men | Women | P-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 200 | n = 107 | n = 93 | ||
Clinical and Laboratory Findings | ||||
Age (years) | 59.2 ± 12.8 [200] | 59.7 ± 12.9 | 58.6 ± 12.8 | 0.5448 |
Sex (Men; %) | 107 (53.5) [200] | 107 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.0001 |
MBP (mmHg) | 92.6 ± 6.3 [200] | 93.4 ± 6.3 | 91.7 ± 6.3 | 0.0491 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 3.9 [200] | 24.6 ± 3.4 | 23.4 ± 4.3 | 0.0342 |
Visceral fat area (cm2) | 126.9 ± 61.4 [200] | 150.1 ± 60.5 | 100.1 ± 50.8 | <0.0001 |
Visceral fat area 100 cm2 (vs. no) | 129 (64.5) [200] | 86 (80.4) | 43 (46.2) | <0.0001 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 56.0 ± 22.4 [200] | 52.8 ± 22.5 | 59.7 ± 21.9 | 0.0299 |
Uric Acid (mg/dL) | 5.83 ± 1.50 [199] | 6.42 ± 1.27 | 5.14 ± 1.45 | <0.0001 |
UACR (mg/g Cre) | 66.2 (22.3–252.5) [200] | 90.2 (26.0–860.2) | 50.9 (21.1–115.6) | 0.0153 |
Primary cause of CKD | ||||
Diabetic nephropathy (%) | 18 (9.0) [200] | 12 (11.2) | 6 (6.5) | 0.3233 |
Chronic glomerulonephritis (%) | 104 (52.0) [200] | 47 (43.9) | 57 (61.3) | 0.0142 |
Nephrosclerosis (%) | 41 (20.5) [200] | 33 (30.8) | 8 (8.6) | 0.0001 |
Others (%) | 37 (18.5) [200] | 15 (14.0) | 22 (23.7) | 0.0800 |
Concomitant drugs | ||||
Antihypertensive agents (%) | 140 (70.0) [200] | 84 (78.5) | 56 (60.2) | 0.0049 |
ARB and or ACEI | 113 (56.5) [200] | 72 (67.3) | 41 (44.1) | 0.0010 |
CCB | 62 (31.0) [200] | 34 (31.8) | 28 (30.1) | 0.7992 |
Antidiabetic agents (%) | 26 (13.0) [200] | 17 (15.9) | 9 (9.7) | 0.1927 |
Corticosteroids (%) | 28 (14.0) [200] | 16 (15.0) | 12 (12.9) | 0.6769 |
Immunosuppressants (%) | 13 (6.5) [200] | 8 (7.5) | 5 (5.4) | 0.5811 |
Diuretics (%) | 51 (25.5) [200] | 25 (23.4) | 26 (28.0) | 0.4573 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Hypertension (%) | 139 (69.5) [200] | 83 (77.6) | 56 (60.2) | 0.0078 |
HU6 (%) | 122 (61.0) [200] | 87 (81.3) | 35 (37.6) | <0.0001 |
HU7 (%) | 100 (50.0) [200] | 75 (70.1) | 25 (26.9) | <0.0001 |
HU8 (%) | 86 (43.0) [200] | 66 (61.7) | 20 (21.5) | <0.0001 |
HU (Drug) (%) | 78 (39.0) [200] | 60 (56.1) | 18 (19.4) | <0.0001 |
Hypertriglyceridemia (%) | 120 (60.0) [200] | 71 (66.4) | 49 (52.7) | 0.0491 |
Hypercholesterolemia (%) | 123 (61.5) [200] | 63 (58.9) | 60 (64.5) | 0.4138 |
Low HDL cholesterol (%) | 93 (46.5) [200] | 56 (52.3) | 37 (39.8) | 0.0759 |
Hyperglycemia (%) | 66 (33.0) [200] | 43 (40.2) | 23 (24.7) | 0.0204 |
Variables | Univariable Analysis | Multivariable Analysis for HU6 | Multivariable Analysis for HU7 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | P-Value | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | P-Value | P-INT | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | P-Value | P-INT | |
Age (1-year increments) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 0.0440 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.4726 | 0.6684 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.4531 | 0.6870 |
Men (vs. women) | 1.45 (0.95–2.25) | 0.0881 | 0.74 (0.42–1.29) | 0.2857 | - | 0.70 (0.40–1.22) | 0.2028 | - |
eGFR (10-mL/min/1.73 m2 increments) | 0.63 (0.55–0.71) | <0.0001 | 0.70 (0.60–0.81) | <0.0001 | 0.2813 | 0.71 (0.61–0.82) | <0.0001 | 0.2304 |
UACR (10-mg/g Cre increments) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | <0.0001 | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.0011 | - | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.0059 | - |
HU6 (vs. no) | 3.31 (2.01–5.76) | <0.0001 | 1.68 (0.86–3.28) | 0.1259 | 0.4985 | - | - | - |
HU7 (vs. no) | 3.28 (2.09–5.27) | <0.0001 | - | - | - | 1.78 (1.00–3.16) | 0.0457 | 0.3700 |
HU8 (vs. no) | 2.64 (1.72–4.10) | <0.0001 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
HU (Drug) (vs. no) | 2.45 (1.59–3.77) | <0.0001 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Low HDL cholesterol (vs. no) | 1.76 (1.15–2.74) | 0.0097 | 1.12 (0.68–1.83) | 0.6646 | 0.5443 | 1.13 (0.69–1.87) | 0.6219 | 0.6391 |
Hypertension (vs. no) | 2.16 (1.30–3.79) | 0.0024 | 1.33 (0.74–2.37) | 0.3404 | - | 1.35 (0.76–2.41) | 0.2943 | - |
Hyperglycemia (vs. no) | 1.95 (1.25–3.01) | 0.0035 | 1.78 (1.11–2.87) | 0.0171 | - | 1.75 (1.09–2.81) | 0.0228 | - |
Visceral fat area 100 cm2 (vs. no) | 2.15 (1.34–3.57) | 0.0012 | 1.43 (0.77–2.68) | 0.2581 | 0.5757 | 1.49 (0.79–2.80) | 0.2086 | 0.4503 |
Entire Cohort | Men | Women | |
---|---|---|---|
Years/Period | eGFR | eGFR | eGFR |
1Y | 0.3891 | 0.2974 | 1.0000 |
2Y | 0.2882 | 0.2762 | 1.0000 |
3Y | 0.3065 | 0.2613 | 0.5731 |
4Y | 0.3314 | 0.3146 | 0.4192 |
5Y | 0.2626 | 0.2439 | 0.3067 |
6Y | 0.2470 | 0.2468 | 0.2268 |
7Y | 0.2315 | 0.1986 | 0.2638 |
8Y | 0.1978 | 0.1986 | 0.1857 |
9Y | 0.1821 | 0.1937 | 0.1585 |
10Y | 0.1945 | 0.1937 | 0.1935 |
11Y | 0.1388 | 0.1504 | 0.1227 |
12Y | 0.1283 | 0.1226 | 0.1351 |
13Y | 0.1116 | 0.0899 | 0.1351 |
END | 0.1116 | 0.0899 | 0.1351 |
1–5Y Mean | 0.3130 | 0.2807 | 0.6614 |
6Y–End Mean | 0.1897 | 0.1830 | 0.1913 |
6Y–End Change (%/year) | −7.7 | −8.1 | −7.0 |
Entire Cohort (n = 200) | Men (n = 107) | Women (n = 93) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Years/Period | HU6 | HU7 | HU8 | HU (Drug) | HU6 | HU7 | HU8 | HU (Drug) | HU6 | HU7 | HU8 | HU (Drug) |
1Y | 0.1022 | 0.1435 | 0.1749 | 0.1954 | 0.0461 | 0.0793 | 0.1079 | 0.1293 | 0.1784 | 0.2404 | 0.2817 | 0.3013 |
2Y | 0.1531 | 0.1478 | 0.1046 | 0.1268 | 0.0802 | 0.0701 | 0.0368 | 0.0582 | 0.1784 | 0.2404 | 0.2817 | 0.3013 |
3Y | 0.1301 | 0.1600 | 0.1158 | 0.1420 | 0.0425 | 0.0623 | 0.0277 | 0.0492 | 0.2461 | 0.3338 | 0.3934 | 0.4221 |
4Y | 0.1415 | 0.1450 | 0.1128 | 0.1396 | 0.0480 | 0.0718 | 0.0375 | 0.0626 | 0.2631 | 0.1681 | 0.2150 | 0.2379 |
5Y | 0.1433 | 0.1681 | 0.1302 | 0.0862 | 0.0652 | 0.1016 | 0.0497 | 0.0411 | 0.1725 | 0.1639 | 0.2159 | 0.0777 |
6Y | 0.0983 | 0.1154 | 0.0973 | 0.0670 | 0.0712 | 0.0809 | 0.0421 | 0.0365 | 0.0669 | 0.0860 | 0.1282 | 0.0521 |
7Y | 0.0859 | 0.1023 | 0.0846 | 0.0642 | 0.0501 | 0.0487 | 0.0267 | 0.0249 | 0.0999 | 0.1537 | 0.1718 | 0.1096 |
8Y | 0.0859 | 0.1078 | 0.0702 | 0.0541 | 0.0501 | 0.0487 | 0.0267 | 0.0249 | 0.1255 | 0.2031 | 0.1464 | 0.0975 |
9Y | 0.0741 | 0.1003 | 0.0686 | 0.0548 | 0.0337 | 0.0391 | 0.0227 | 0.0223 | 0.1223 | 0.2073 | 0.1582 | 0.1109 |
10Y | 0.0723 | 0.0895 | 0.0629 | 0.0510 | 0.0337 | 0.0391 | 0.0227 | 0.0223 | 0.1359 | 0.1956 | 0.1581 | 0.1153 |
11Y | 0.0591 | 0.0749 | 0.0415 | 0.0350 | 0.0288 | 0.0425 | 0.0112 | 0.0133 | 0.1068 | 0.1389 | 0.1148 | 0.0821 |
12Y | 0.0620 | 0.0658 | 0.0392 | 0.0349 | 0.0212 | 0.0390 | 0.0118 | 0.0153 | 0.1403 | 0.1281 | 0.1131 | 0.0839 |
13Y | 0.0718 | 0.0691 | 0.0436 | 0.0401 | 0.0279 | 0.0362 | 0.0126 | 0.0175 | 0.1403 | 0.1281 | 0.1131 | 0.0839 |
End | 0.0718 | 0.0691 | 0.0436 | 0.0401 | 0.0279 | 0.0362 | 0.0126 | 0.0175 | 0.1403 | 0.1281 | 0.1131 | 0.0839 |
1–5Y Mean | 0.1369 | 0.1522 | 0.1214 | 0.1373 | 0.0566 | 0.0737 | 0.0452 | 0.0638 | 0.2158 | 0.2361 | 0.2847 | 0.2877 |
6Y–End Mean | 0.0829 | 0.0976 | 0.0669 | 0.0539 | 0.0410 | 0.0489 | 0.0225 | 0.0233 | 0.1355 | 0.1755 | 0.1525 | 0.1045 |
6Y–End Change (%/year) | −3.9 | −6.1 | −7.8 | −6.4 | −7.6 | −5.1 | −8.6 | −6.2 | 11.4 | −2.3 | −4.7 | −0.0 |
Entire Sub-cohort (n = 122) | Men (n = 47) | Women (n = 75) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Years/Period | HU6 | HU7 | HU8 | HU6 | HU7 | HU8 | HU6 | HU7 | HU8 |
4Y | 0.1252 | 0.1468 | 0.0128 | 0.0396 | 0.1577 | 0.0034 | 0.2839 | 0.0186 | 0.0051 |
5Y | 0.1615 | 0.2647 | 0.1731 | 0.0942 | 0.2826 | 0.0742 | 0.1692 | 0.1540 | 0.4130 |
6Y | 0.0863 | 0.1417 | 0.1087 | 0.1122 | 0.1992 | 0.0551 | 0.0338 | 0.0522 | 0.2164 |
7Y | 0.0630 | 0.1026 | 0.0671 | 0.0737 | 0.1051 | 0.0304 | 0.0301 | 0.0723 | 0.1432 |
8Y | 0.0721 | 0.1323 | 0.0517 | 0.0737 | 0.1051 | 0.0304 | 0.0632 | 0.1667 | 0.1053 |
9Y | 0.0512 | 0.1098 | 0.0437 | 0.0397 | 0.0764 | 0.0222 | 0.0497 | 0.1478 | 0.0964 |
10Y | 0.0516 | 0.0914 | 0.0371 | 0.0397 | 0.0764 | 0.0222 | 0.0598 | 0.1181 | 0.0821 |
11Y | 0.0472 | 0.0898 | 0.0211 | 0.0399 | 0.1100 | 0.0074 | 0.0499 | 0.0788 | 0.0625 |
12Y | 0.0505 | 0.0668 | 0.0151 | 0.0214 | 0.0869 | 0.0046 | 0.0833 | 0.0594 | 0.0525 |
13Y | 0.0589 | 0.0620 | 0.0138 | 0.0313 | 0.0679 | 0.0025 | 0.0833 | 0.0594 | 0.0525 |
End | 0.0589 | 0.0620 | 0.0138 | 0.0313 | 0.0679 | 0.0025 | 0.0833 | 0.0594 | 0.0525 |
6Y–End Mean | 0.0650 | 0.1052 | 0.0432 | 0.0544 | 0.1059 | 0.0207 | 0.0665 | 0.1055 | 0.1014 |
6Y–End Change (%/year) | −3.6 | −7.4 | −10.4 | −8.9 | −5.7 | −11.6 | 20.7 | −9.5 | −8.8 |
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Kataoka, H.; Ohara, M.; Mochizuki, T.; Iwadoh, K.; Ushio, Y.; Kawachi, K.; Watanabe, K.; Watanabe, S.; Akihisa, T.; Makabe, S.; et al. Sex Differences in Time-Series Changes in Pseudo-R2 Values Regarding Hyperuricemia in Relation to the Kidney Prognosis. J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm10040248
Kataoka H, Ohara M, Mochizuki T, Iwadoh K, Ushio Y, Kawachi K, Watanabe K, Watanabe S, Akihisa T, Makabe S, et al. Sex Differences in Time-Series Changes in Pseudo-R2 Values Regarding Hyperuricemia in Relation to the Kidney Prognosis. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2020; 10(4):248. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm10040248
Chicago/Turabian StyleKataoka, Hiroshi, Mamiko Ohara, Toshio Mochizuki, Kazuhiro Iwadoh, Yusuke Ushio, Keiko Kawachi, Kentaro Watanabe, Saki Watanabe, Taro Akihisa, Shiho Makabe, and et al. 2020. "Sex Differences in Time-Series Changes in Pseudo-R2 Values Regarding Hyperuricemia in Relation to the Kidney Prognosis" Journal of Personalized Medicine 10, no. 4: 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm10040248