Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) in Specific Vulnerable Developmental Periods Can Increase the Likelihood of Chronic Pain in Adulthood—Results from a Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure (MACE) Scale
2.2.2. Essener Trauma Inventory (ETI)
2.2.3. Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18)
2.2.4. Pain Assessment
2.3. Statistical Procedure
3. Results
CP (n = 813) | No CP (n = 1764) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | χ2/t-Value | ϕ/d | p | |
Sex | 2.54 | 0.03 | 0.11 | ||||
Male | 334 | 41.1% | 788 | 44.7% | |||
Female | 440 | 54.1% | 903 | 51.2% | |||
Missing data | 39 | 4.8% | 73 | 4.1% | |||
Mean age (SD) | 47.3 | (16.3) | 41.2 | (15.8) | |||
18–30 years | 151 | 18.6% | 546 | 31.0% | 65.94 | 0.17 ** | <0.001 |
30–50 years | 267 | 32.8% | 595 | 33.7% | |||
50–70 years | 271 | 33.3% | 420 | 23.8% | |||
>70 years | 67 | 8.2% | 76 | 4.3% | |||
Missing data | 57 | 7.0% | 127 | 7.2% | |||
Relationship status | 24.67 | 0.10 * | <0.001 | ||||
Married/long-term relationship | 529 | 65.1% | 444 | 25.2% | |||
Single | 154 | 18.9% | 1111 | 63.0% | |||
Divorced | 71 | 8.7% | 97 | 5.5% | |||
Widowed | 17 | 2.1% | 16 | 0.9% | |||
Missing data | 42 | 5.2% | 96 | 5.4% | |||
Level of education | 48.02 | 0.14 * | <0.001 | ||||
School not finished | 14 | 1.7% | 29 | 1.6% | |||
Compulsory school | 88 | 10.8% | 115 | 6.5% | |||
Compulsory school and apprenticeship | 325 | 40.0% | 568 | 32.2% | |||
Higher education | 202 | 24.8% | 509 | 28.9% | |||
University degree | 99 | 12.2% | 363 | 20.6% | |||
Missing data | 85 | 10.5% | 180 | 10.2% | |||
Living situation | 16.54 | 0.08 * | 0.002 | ||||
Living alone | 158 | 19.4% | 336 | 19.0% | |||
Living with partner/family | 479 | 58.9% | 989 | 56.1% | |||
Living with family of origin | 38 | 4.7% | 135 | 7.7% | |||
Living in shared apartment | 41 | 5.0% | 147 | 8.3% | |||
Missing data | 97 | 11.9% | 157 | 8.8% | |||
Living environment | 1.69 | 0.03 | 0.19 | ||||
Urban region | 306 | 37.6% | 710 | 40.2% | |||
Rural region | 436 | 53.6% | 900 | 51.0% | |||
Missing data | 71 | 8.7% | 154 | 8.7% | |||
Parenthood | 326 | 40.1% | 637 | 36.1% | 6.08 | 0.05 | 0.014 |
Missing data | 125 | 15.4% | 239 | 13.5% | |||
Disability | 83 | 10.2% | 64 | 3.6% | 47.25 | 0.14 * | <0.001 |
Missing data | 53 | 6.5% | 75 | 4.3% |
3.1. Prevalence of CP and Pain Impairment
3.2. Dose-Dependent Relationship of ACEs with CP
3.3. Type-Dependent Relationship of ACEs with CP
3.4. Timing-Dependent Relationship of ACEs with CP
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Riedl, D.; Kirchhoff, C.; Egle, U.T.; Nolte, T.; Tschuggnall, M.; Rumpold, G.; Kantner-Rumplmair, W.; Grote, V.; Fischer, M.J.; Lampe, A. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) in Specific Vulnerable Developmental Periods Can Increase the Likelihood of Chronic Pain in Adulthood—Results from a Cross-Sectional Study. Diagnostics 2025, 15, 839. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15070839
Riedl D, Kirchhoff C, Egle UT, Nolte T, Tschuggnall M, Rumpold G, Kantner-Rumplmair W, Grote V, Fischer MJ, Lampe A. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) in Specific Vulnerable Developmental Periods Can Increase the Likelihood of Chronic Pain in Adulthood—Results from a Cross-Sectional Study. Diagnostics. 2025; 15(7):839. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15070839
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiedl, David, Christina Kirchhoff, Ulrich T. Egle, Tobias Nolte, Michael Tschuggnall, Gerhard Rumpold, Wilhelm Kantner-Rumplmair, Vincent Grote, Michael J. Fischer, and Astrid Lampe. 2025. "Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) in Specific Vulnerable Developmental Periods Can Increase the Likelihood of Chronic Pain in Adulthood—Results from a Cross-Sectional Study" Diagnostics 15, no. 7: 839. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15070839
APA StyleRiedl, D., Kirchhoff, C., Egle, U. T., Nolte, T., Tschuggnall, M., Rumpold, G., Kantner-Rumplmair, W., Grote, V., Fischer, M. J., & Lampe, A. (2025). Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) in Specific Vulnerable Developmental Periods Can Increase the Likelihood of Chronic Pain in Adulthood—Results from a Cross-Sectional Study. Diagnostics, 15(7), 839. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15070839