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Article

Prevalence and Clinical Associations of Malnutrition and Sarcopenia Risk in Gastroenterology Inpatients: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study in Turkey

by
Göksel Bengi
1,*,
Süleyman Dolu
1,*,
Yavuz Özden
2,
Nevin Oruç
3,
Mukaddes Tozlu
4,
Gözde Derviş Hakim
5,
Genco Gençdal
6,
Ali Rıza Çalışkan
7,
Müge Ustaoğlu
8,
Ufuk Kutluana
9,
Engin Altıntaş
10,
Galip Egemen Atar
11,
Ahmet Uyanıkoğlu
12,
Sezgin Barutçu
13,
Kader Irak
14,
Deniz Koç
15,
Berat Ebik
16,
Züleyha Akkan Çetinkaya
17,
Tarık Kani
18,
Dilek Oğuz
19,
Filiz Araz
20,
Altay Kandemir
21,
Nermin Mutlu Bilgiç
22,
Özdal Ersoy
23,
Özlem Gül
24,
Banu Kara
25,
Burak Özşeker
26,
Hüseyin Alkım
27,
Sedat Boyacıoğlu
28,
Ayşe Kefeli
29,
Hasan Yılmaz
30,
Pembe Keskinoğlu
31,
Yasemin Gökden Gök
32,
Çağatay Keklik Kıran
33,
Müjde Soytürk
1,
Salih Tokmak
34,
Murat Aladağ
35,
Hakan Ünal
36,
Funda Uğur Kantar
37,
Yusuf Serdar Sakin
38,
Meral Kayhan
39,
Ozan Cengiz
40,
Tolga Gözmen
5,
İsmail Atasoy
1 and
Hale Akpınar
1add Show full author list remove Hide full author list
1
Department of Gastroenterology, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, 35330 Izmir, Türkiye
2
Department of Gastroenterology, Kayseri City Hospital, 38080 Kayseri, Türkiye
3
Department of Gastroenterology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, 35040 Izmir, Türkiye
4
Department of Gastroenterology, Sakarya Training and Research Hospital, 54100 Sakarya, Türkiye
5
Department of Gastroenterology, Izmir Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Izmir City Hospital, 35540 Izmir, Türkiye
6
Department of Gastroenterology, Koç University Faculty of Medicine, 34450 Ankara, Türkiye
7
Department of Gastroenterology, Adiyaman Training and Research Hospital, Adiyaman 02040, Türkiye
8
Department of Gastroenterology, Ondokuz Mayis University Faculty of Medicine Hospital, 55270 Samsun, Türkiye
9
Department of Gastroenterology, Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine Hospital, 20070 Denizli, Türkiye
10
Department of Gastroenterology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine Hospital, 33110 Mersin, Türkiye
11
Department of Gastroenterology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, 07100 Antalya, Türkiye
12
Department of Gastroenterology, Sanliurfa University Faculty of Medicine, 63200 Sanliurfa, Türkiye
13
Department of Gastroenterology, SANKO University Hospital, 27090 Gaziantep, Türkiye
14
Department of Gastroenterology, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, 34480 Istanbul, Türkiye
15
Department of Gastroenterology, Istanbul Gaziosmanpasa Taksim Training and Research Hospital, 34255 Istanbul, Türkiye
16
Department of Gastroenterology, Diyarbakir Gazi Yasargil Training and Research Hospital, 21070 Diyarbakir, Türkiye
17
Department of Gastroenterology, Istanbul Acibadem Atasehir Hospital, 34758 Istanbul, Türkiye
18
Department of Gastroenterology, Marmara University Pendik Training and Research Hospital, 34899 Istanbul, Türkiye
19
Department of Gastroenterology, Kirikkale University Faculty of Medicine, 71450 Kirikkale, Türkiye
20
Department of Gastroenterology, Baskent University Adana Dr. Turgut Noyan Application and Research Center, 01100 Adana, Türkiye
21
Department of Gastroenterology, Aydin Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, 09100 Aydin, Türkiye
22
Department of Gastroenterology, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, 34764 Istanbul, Türkiye
23
Department of Gastroenterology, Acibadem University Atakent Hospital, 34303 Istanbul, Türkiye
24
Department of Gastroenterology, Lokman Hekim University Ankara Hospital, 06510 Ankara, Türkiye
25
Department of Gastroenterology, University of Health Sciences Adana City Training and Research Hospital, 01370 Adana, Türkiye
26
Department of Gastroenterology, Mugla University Faculty of Medicine, 48000 Mugla, Türkiye
27
Department of Gastroenterology, University of Health Sciences, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, 34371 Istanbul, Türkiye
28
Department of Gastroenterology, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, 06490 Ankara, Türkiye
29
Department of Gastroenterology, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University Faculty of Medicine, 60250 Tokat, Türkiye
30
Department of Gastroenterology, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, 41380 Kocaeli, Türkiye
31
Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, 35340 Izmir, Türkiye
32
Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascioglu City Health Application and Research Center, 34384 Istanbul, Türkiye
33
Department of Gastroenterology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Faculty of Medicine, 53200 Rize, Türkiye
34
Department of Gastroenterology, Istanbul Medical Park Hospitals Group, 34180 Istanbul, Türkiye
35
Department of Gastroenterology, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, 44280 Malatya, Türkiye
36
Department of Gastroenterology, Acibadem University Faculty of Medicine, 34752 Istanbul, Türkiye
37
Department of Gastroenterology, Bakircay University Cigli Training and Research Hospital, 35620 Izmir, Türkiye
38
Department of Gastroenterology, Private Acibadem Izmir Kent Hospital, 35630 Izmir, Türkiye
39
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Gastroenterology Clinic, Ankara City Hospital, 06800 Ankara, Türkiye
40
Department of Gastroenterology, Usak University Faculty of Medicine, 64060 Usak, Türkiye
 
add Show full affiliation list
 
remove Hide full affiliation list
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diagnostics 2025, 15(22), 2935; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15222935
Submission received: 29 October 2025 / Revised: 17 November 2025 / Accepted: 19 November 2025 / Published: 20 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Diagnosis and Prognosis)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of malnutrition and sarcopenia risk among patients hospitalized in gastroenterology clinics across different geographical regions of Turkey, to identify their risk factors, and to evaluate their associations with clinical outcomes. Methods: A total of 1051 patients admitted to 36 gastroenterology clinics across six geographical regions of Turkey during the week of 14 November 2024 were evaluated in a cross-sectional design. The nutritional status of the patients was assessed using the NRS-2002 questionnaire, while the risk of sarcopenia was evaluated with the SARC-F questionnaire. Demographic data, clinical diagnoses, disease severity scores, and comorbidities were also recorded and analyzed. Results: Of the patients included in the study, 54.7% were female, and the mean age was 61.7 ± 17.2 years. The prevalence of malnutrition risk was 27.8%, while the prevalence of sarcopenia risk was 32.7%. Patients with malnutrition risk had a lower BMI (24.7 ± 5.3 vs. 27.1 ± 5.4, p < 0.001) and were older (67.6 ± 16.0 vs. 56.5 ± 17.1, p < 0.001). The risks of sarcopenia and malnutrition were significantly higher in patients with liver cirrhosis (40.7% malnutrition; 54.5% sarcopenia), gastrointestinal malignancy (50.5%; 44.2%), and diabetes mellitus. Logistic regression analysis identified older age, male sex, and presence of malignancy as independent risk factors for malnutrition, whereas older age, female sex, presence of malnutrition, liver cirrhosis, and heart failure were independent risk factors for sarcopenia. A strong correlation was also found between malnutrition and sarcopenia (r = 0.544, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Approximately one-third of patients hospitalized in gastroenterology clinics across Turkey are at risk of malnutrition and sarcopenia. These conditions are particularly associated with malignancy, cirrhosis, and metabolic comorbidities. Our findings highlight the necessity of systematic nutritional and sarcopenia screening upon hospital admission.
Keywords: malnutrition; sarcopenia; nutritional risk malnutrition; sarcopenia; nutritional risk

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Bengi, G.; Dolu, S.; Özden, Y.; Oruç, N.; Tozlu, M.; Hakim, G.D.; Gençdal, G.; Çalışkan, A.R.; Ustaoğlu, M.; Kutluana, U.; et al. Prevalence and Clinical Associations of Malnutrition and Sarcopenia Risk in Gastroenterology Inpatients: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study in Turkey. Diagnostics 2025, 15, 2935. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15222935

AMA Style

Bengi G, Dolu S, Özden Y, Oruç N, Tozlu M, Hakim GD, Gençdal G, Çalışkan AR, Ustaoğlu M, Kutluana U, et al. Prevalence and Clinical Associations of Malnutrition and Sarcopenia Risk in Gastroenterology Inpatients: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study in Turkey. Diagnostics. 2025; 15(22):2935. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15222935

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bengi, Göksel, Süleyman Dolu, Yavuz Özden, Nevin Oruç, Mukaddes Tozlu, Gözde Derviş Hakim, Genco Gençdal, Ali Rıza Çalışkan, Müge Ustaoğlu, Ufuk Kutluana, and et al. 2025. "Prevalence and Clinical Associations of Malnutrition and Sarcopenia Risk in Gastroenterology Inpatients: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study in Turkey" Diagnostics 15, no. 22: 2935. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15222935

APA Style

Bengi, G., Dolu, S., Özden, Y., Oruç, N., Tozlu, M., Hakim, G. D., Gençdal, G., Çalışkan, A. R., Ustaoğlu, M., Kutluana, U., Altıntaş, E., Atar, G. E., Uyanıkoğlu, A., Barutçu, S., Irak, K., Koç, D., Ebik, B., Çetinkaya, Z. A., Kani, T., ... Akpınar, H. (2025). Prevalence and Clinical Associations of Malnutrition and Sarcopenia Risk in Gastroenterology Inpatients: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study in Turkey. Diagnostics, 15(22), 2935. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15222935

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