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Volume 15
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10.3390/diagnostics15111325
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Relationship of Serum 3-Nitrotyrosine Levels with Inflammation in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

by
Juan C. Quevedo-Abeledo
1,
Fuensanta Gómez-Bernal
2,
María García-González
3,
Marta Hernández-Díaz
3,
Cristina Almeida-Santiago
1,
Pedro Abreu-González
4,
Candelaria Martín-González
5,
Miguel Á. González-Gay
6,7,* and
Iván Ferraz-Amaro
3,5,*
1
Division of Rheumatology, Hospital Doctor Negrín, 35010 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
2
Division of Central Laboratory, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 Tenerife, Spain
3
Division of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 Tenerife, Spain
4
Unit of Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of La Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain
5
Department of Internal Medicine, University of La Laguna (ULL), 38200 Tenerife, Spain
6
Division of Rheumatology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain
7
Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diagnostics 2025, 15(11), 1325; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15111325 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 11 April 2025 / Revised: 22 May 2025 / Accepted: 23 May 2025 / Published: 25 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Objective. 3-Nitrotyrosine (3-NT) is a byproduct of tyrosine nitration, mediated by reactive nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite and nitrogen dioxide. It serves as a marker of cellular damage, inflammation, and nitric oxide activity. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by systemic involvement and increased oxidative stress. In RA patients, cardiovascular disease has emerged as the leading cause of mortality. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum 3-NT levels and various disease characteristics in RA patients, with a particular focus on cardiovascular comorbidities. Methods. A total of 168 RA patients were recruited. They underwent comprehensive evaluations, including disease-related characteristics and disease activity indices. Furthermore, a comprehensive lipid panel, measures of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome criteria, and carotid ultrasound to evaluate intima–media thickness and the presence of carotid plaques were conducted. 3-NT serum levels were measured. A multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to examine the associations between the disease characteristics and 3-NT. Results. After multivariable analysis, C-reactive protein was independently associated with higher serum levels of 3-NT. In contrast, disease characteristics and Disease Activity Score 28-joint count (DAS28) calculated using C-reactive protein or erythrocyte sedimentation rate, showed no significant association with 3-NT levels. Likewise, cardiovascular comorbidities, including lipid profiles, insulin resistance indices, metabolic syndrome, and markers of subclinical atherosclerosis did not demonstrate any significant relationship with 3-NT levels. Conclusion. While 3-NT levels are influenced by inflammation, they do not appear to be strongly associated with disease characteristics, cardiovascular risk, or disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in RA patients. This emphasizes the complexity of oxidative stress in RA.
Keywords: 3-nitrotyrosine; rheumatoid arthritis; cardiovascular disease 3-nitrotyrosine; rheumatoid arthritis; cardiovascular disease

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MDPI and ACS Style

Quevedo-Abeledo, J.C.; Gómez-Bernal, F.; García-González, M.; Hernández-Díaz, M.; Almeida-Santiago, C.; Abreu-González, P.; Martín-González, C.; González-Gay, M.Á.; Ferraz-Amaro, I. Relationship of Serum 3-Nitrotyrosine Levels with Inflammation in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Diagnostics 2025, 15, 1325. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15111325

AMA Style

Quevedo-Abeledo JC, Gómez-Bernal F, García-González M, Hernández-Díaz M, Almeida-Santiago C, Abreu-González P, Martín-González C, González-Gay MÁ, Ferraz-Amaro I. Relationship of Serum 3-Nitrotyrosine Levels with Inflammation in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Diagnostics. 2025; 15(11):1325. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15111325

Chicago/Turabian Style

Quevedo-Abeledo, Juan C., Fuensanta Gómez-Bernal, María García-González, Marta Hernández-Díaz, Cristina Almeida-Santiago, Pedro Abreu-González, Candelaria Martín-González, Miguel Á. González-Gay, and Iván Ferraz-Amaro. 2025. "Relationship of Serum 3-Nitrotyrosine Levels with Inflammation in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis" Diagnostics 15, no. 11: 1325. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15111325

APA Style

Quevedo-Abeledo, J. C., Gómez-Bernal, F., García-González, M., Hernández-Díaz, M., Almeida-Santiago, C., Abreu-González, P., Martín-González, C., González-Gay, M. Á., & Ferraz-Amaro, I. (2025). Relationship of Serum 3-Nitrotyrosine Levels with Inflammation in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Diagnostics, 15(11), 1325. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15111325

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