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Volume 13
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Review

The Role of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in Different Hypertensive Syndromes

by
Louise Buonalumi Tacito Yugar
1,
Juan Carlos Yugar-Toledo
2,*,
Nelson Dinamarco
3,
Luis Gustavo Sedenho-Prado
1,
Beatriz Vaz Domingues Moreno
4,
Tatiane de Azevedo Rubio
4,
Andre Fattori
5,
Bruno Rodrigues
6,
Jose Fernando Vilela-Martin
2 and
Heitor Moreno
4
1
School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, SP, Brazil
2
Post-Graduate Course in Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil
3
Internal Medicine Department, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, BA, Brazil
4
Cardiovascular Pharmacology & Hypertension Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, SP, Brazil
5
Geriatrics Department, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, SP, Brazil
6
Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation and Exercise, School of Physical Education, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, SP, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diagnostics 2023, 13(4), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13040785
Submission received: 27 January 2023 / Revised: 5 February 2023 / Accepted: 16 February 2023 / Published: 19 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Progress in Diagnostics of Clinical Hypertension)
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Abstract

Cardiac innervation by the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) modulates the heart rate (HR) (chronotropic activity) and the contraction of the cardiac muscle (inotropic activity). The peripheral vasculature is controlled only by the SNS, which is responsible for peripheral vascular resistance. This also mediates the baroreceptor reflex (BR), which in turn mediates blood pressure (BP). Hypertension (HTN) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are closely related, such that derangements can lead to vasomotor impairments and several comorbidities, including obesity, hypertension, resistant hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. Autonomic dysfunction is also associated with functional and structural changes in target organs (heart, brain, kidneys, and blood vessels), increasing cardiovascular risk. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a method of assessing cardiac autonomic modulation. This tool has been used for clinical evaluation and to address the effect of therapeutic interventions. The present review aims (a) to approach the heart rate (HR) as a CV risk factor in hypertensive patients; (b) to analyze the heart rate variability (HRV) as a “tool” to estimate the individual risk stratum for Pre-HTN (P-HTN), Controlled-HTN (C-HTN), Resistant and Refractory HTN (R-HTN and Rf-HTN, respectively), and hypertensive patients with chronic renal disease (HTN+CKD).
Keywords: heart rate variability; prehypertension; hypertension; resistant hypertension; chronic kidney disease; autonomic dysfunction; parasympathetic nervous system; sympathetic nervous system heart rate variability; prehypertension; hypertension; resistant hypertension; chronic kidney disease; autonomic dysfunction; parasympathetic nervous system; sympathetic nervous system

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MDPI and ACS Style

Yugar, L.B.T.; Yugar-Toledo, J.C.; Dinamarco, N.; Sedenho-Prado, L.G.; Moreno, B.V.D.; Rubio, T.d.A.; Fattori, A.; Rodrigues, B.; Vilela-Martin, J.F.; Moreno, H. The Role of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in Different Hypertensive Syndromes. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 785. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13040785

AMA Style

Yugar LBT, Yugar-Toledo JC, Dinamarco N, Sedenho-Prado LG, Moreno BVD, Rubio TdA, Fattori A, Rodrigues B, Vilela-Martin JF, Moreno H. The Role of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in Different Hypertensive Syndromes. Diagnostics. 2023; 13(4):785. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13040785

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yugar, Louise Buonalumi Tacito, Juan Carlos Yugar-Toledo, Nelson Dinamarco, Luis Gustavo Sedenho-Prado, Beatriz Vaz Domingues Moreno, Tatiane de Azevedo Rubio, Andre Fattori, Bruno Rodrigues, Jose Fernando Vilela-Martin, and Heitor Moreno. 2023. "The Role of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in Different Hypertensive Syndromes" Diagnostics 13, no. 4: 785. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13040785

APA Style

Yugar, L. B. T., Yugar-Toledo, J. C., Dinamarco, N., Sedenho-Prado, L. G., Moreno, B. V. D., Rubio, T. d. A., Fattori, A., Rodrigues, B., Vilela-Martin, J. F., & Moreno, H. (2023). The Role of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in Different Hypertensive Syndromes. Diagnostics, 13(4), 785. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13040785

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