Self-Reported Systemic Sclerosis-Related Symptoms Are More Prevalent in Subjects with Raynaud’s Phenomenon in the Lifelines Population: Focus on Pulmonary Complications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Clinical Examination and Investigations
2.3. Patient Characteristics and Self-Reported Symptoms
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Patient Characteristics
3.2. Prevalence of SSc-Related Symptoms in Patients with and without Raynaud’s Phenomenon
3.3. Differences in Patient Characteristics between the Groups
3.4. Analysis of Skin Autofluorescence and Its Relation to SSc-Related Symptoms
3.5. Exploratory Analysis of Pulmonary Symptoms in Subjects with Raynaud’s Phenomenon, and Its Relation to SSc-Related Symptoms
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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RP + SSc-Related Symptoms n = 918 | RP + No SSc-Related Symptoms n = 2993 | ± p-Value | Non-RP Group n = 70,037 | × p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender, female, n (%) | 791 (86.2%) | 2348 (78.4%) | <0.001 | 39,185 (55.9%) | <0.001 |
Age in years, mean ±SD | 45 ±13 | 42 ±13 | <0.001 | 45 ± 13 | <0.001 |
Age groups, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
<20 years | 18 (2.0%) | 89 (3.0%) | 976 (1.4%) | ||
20–40 years | 287 (31.3%) | 1171 (39.1%) | 21,313 (30.4%) | ||
40–60 years | 482 (52.5%) | 1445 (48.3%) | 37,150 (53.0%) | ||
>60 years | 131 (14.3%) | 288 (9.6%) | 10,598 (15.1%) | ||
BMI in kg/m2, mean ±SD | 25 ± 5 | 24 ± 4 | <0.001 | 26 ± 4 | <0.001 |
Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
Arrhythmias | 128 (13.9%) | 266 (8.9%) | 0.06 | 4842 (6.9%) | 0.002 |
Heart failure | 13 (1.4%) | 21 (0.7%) | 0.02 | 415 (0.6%) | 0.001 |
Myocardial infarction | 11 (1.2%) | 21 (0.7%) | 0.14 | 625 (0.9%) | 0.33 |
Stroke | <10 (x%) | 20 (0.7%) | 417 (0.6%) | ||
Diabetes | 29 (3.2%) | 38 (1.3%) | <0.001 | 1600 (2.3%) | <0.001 |
Hypercholesterolemia | 141 (15.4%) | 296 (9.9%) | <0.001 | 9307 (13.3%) | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 268 (29.2%) | 648 (21.7%) | <0.001 | 14,966 (21.4%) | <0.001 |
Cancer (previous and current) | 59 (6.4%) | 140 (4.7%) | 0.04 | 3147 (4.5%) | 0.02 |
COPD | 99 (10.8%) | 152 (5.1%) | <0.001 | 3145 (4.5%) | <0.001 |
Use of medication, n (%) | |||||
Anticoagulants | 61 (6.6%) | 101 (3.4%) | <0.001 | 2499 (3.6%) | <0.001 |
Adrenergic and dopaminergic agents | <10 (x%) | <10 (x%) | 22 (0.03%) | ||
Antihypertensive drugs | 111 (12.1%) | 218 (7.3%) | <0.001 | 6195 (8.8%) | <0.001 |
Immunosuppressive drugs | 50 (5.4%) | 115 (3.8%) | 0.03 | 1698 (2.4%) | <0.001 |
Central acting sympathomimetic | <10 (x%) | 19 (0.6%) | 200 (0.3%) | ||
Anti-cancer treatment | <10 (x%) | <10 (%) | 28 (0.04%) | ||
Beta-blocking agents | 72 (7.8%) | 150 (5.0%) | 0.001 | 3674 (5.2%) | <0.001 |
Smoking behavior, n (%) | |||||
Current smoker | 194 (21.1%) | 551 (18.4%) | 0.07 | 12,952 (18.5%) | 0.14 |
Previous smoker | 352 (38.3%) | 928 (31.0%) | 0.29 | 25,108 (35.8%) | 0.04 |
SAF (AU) mean ± SD | (n = 579) 1.91 (0.46) | (n = 1850) 1.80 (0.45) | <0.001 | (n = 44,484) 1.88 (0.45) | <0.001 |
Pulmonary function | |||||
FVC (liter), mean ±SD | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 4.4 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | 4.6 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
FVC < 70, n (%) | 44 (4.5%) | 92 (3.1%) | 0.009 | 3068 (4.4%) | 0.003 |
Patient-reported dyspnea (at rest), n (%) | 205 (22.3%) | 405 (13.5%) | <0.001 | 5553 (7.9%) | <0.001 |
Patient-reported dyspnea (on an exertion), n (%) | 465 (50.7%) | 947 (31.6%) | <0.001 | 15,518 (22.2%) | <0.001 |
Patient-reported pulmonary fibrosis, n (%) | 24 (2.6%) | 30 (1.0%) | <0.001 | 436 (0.6%) | <0.001 |
Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | OR [95% CI] | p-Value | B | OR [95% CI] | p-Value | |
SAF | 0.52 | 1.68 [1.37–2.05] | <0.001 | 0.18 | 1.19 [0.88–1.61] | 0.250 |
Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | OR [95% CI] | p-Value | B | OR [95% CI] | p-Value | |
FVC | −0.34 | 0.71 [0.64–0.80] | <0.001 | −0.05 | 0.95 [0.80–1.13] | 0.543 |
± Dyspnea at rest | 0.61 | 1.84 [1.53–2.22] | <0.001 | 0.43 | 1.54 [1.21–1.95] | <0.001 |
± Dyspnea on exertion | 0.79 | 2.20 [1.89–2.55] | <0.001 | 0.63 | 1.87 [1.56–2.25] | <0.001 |
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van de Zande, S.C.; Abdulle, A.E.; Al-Adwi, Y.; Stel, A.; de Leeuw, K.; Brouwer, E.; Arends, S.; Gan, C.T.; van Goor, H.; Mulder, D.J. Self-Reported Systemic Sclerosis-Related Symptoms Are More Prevalent in Subjects with Raynaud’s Phenomenon in the Lifelines Population: Focus on Pulmonary Complications. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 2160. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13132160
van de Zande SC, Abdulle AE, Al-Adwi Y, Stel A, de Leeuw K, Brouwer E, Arends S, Gan CT, van Goor H, Mulder DJ. Self-Reported Systemic Sclerosis-Related Symptoms Are More Prevalent in Subjects with Raynaud’s Phenomenon in the Lifelines Population: Focus on Pulmonary Complications. Diagnostics. 2023; 13(13):2160. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13132160
Chicago/Turabian Stylevan de Zande, Saskia Corine, Amaal Eman Abdulle, Yehya Al-Adwi, Alja Stel, Karina de Leeuw, Elisabeth Brouwer, Suzanne Arends, Christiaan Tji Gan, Harry van Goor, and Douwe Johannes Mulder. 2023. "Self-Reported Systemic Sclerosis-Related Symptoms Are More Prevalent in Subjects with Raynaud’s Phenomenon in the Lifelines Population: Focus on Pulmonary Complications" Diagnostics 13, no. 13: 2160. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13132160
APA Stylevan de Zande, S. C., Abdulle, A. E., Al-Adwi, Y., Stel, A., de Leeuw, K., Brouwer, E., Arends, S., Gan, C. T., van Goor, H., & Mulder, D. J. (2023). Self-Reported Systemic Sclerosis-Related Symptoms Are More Prevalent in Subjects with Raynaud’s Phenomenon in the Lifelines Population: Focus on Pulmonary Complications. Diagnostics, 13(13), 2160. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13132160