New Approach to Addison Disease: Oral Manifestations Due to Endocrine Dysfunction and Comorbidity Burden
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. AD and Mucosal Pigmentations
2.1.1. Oral Mucosa Pigmentation in AD
2.1.2. AD-Related Tongue Anomalies of Color
2.2. Spectrum of AD-Related Comorbidities: Oral Health Perspective
2.2.1. Oral Candidiasis in Patients with APS1
2.2.2. Early-Onset APS-Related Hypoparathyroidism and Dental Anomalies
2.2.3. From AD-Related type 1 DM to Periodontal Disease
2.2.4. Anemia in AD Individuals
2.2.5. Oral Features of Other Non-DM, Autoimmune Comorbidities in AD Patients
2.2.6. Exceptional Entities of AD with Potential Oral Manifestations
2.3. Oral Surgery Procedures in Patients with AD
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACTH | adrenocorticotropic hormone |
AGEs | advanced glycation end-products |
AD | Addison disease |
APS | autoimmune polyglandular syndrome |
APECED | autoimmune polyendocrinopathy–candidiasis–ectodermal dystrophy |
CD | celiac disease |
DM | diabetes mellitus |
DMFT index | decayed, missing, and filled teeth index |
HLA | human leukocyte antigen |
25OHD | 25-hydroxyvitamin D |
IL | interleukin |
MMP | metalloproteinase |
MSH | melanocyte stimulating hormone |
MCR | melanocortin receptor |
PD | periodontal disease |
POMC | proopiomelanocortin |
PMN | polymorphonuclear leukocyte |
PTH | parathormone |
TNF | tumor necrosis factor |
QL | quality of life |
VDD | vitamin D deficiency |
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Bugălă, N.M.; Carsote, M.; Stoica, L.E.; Albulescu, D.M.; Ţuculină, M.J.; Preda, S.A.; Boicea, A.-R.; Alexandru, D.O. New Approach to Addison Disease: Oral Manifestations Due to Endocrine Dysfunction and Comorbidity Burden. Diagnostics 2022, 12, 2080. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12092080
Bugălă NM, Carsote M, Stoica LE, Albulescu DM, Ţuculină MJ, Preda SA, Boicea A-R, Alexandru DO. New Approach to Addison Disease: Oral Manifestations Due to Endocrine Dysfunction and Comorbidity Burden. Diagnostics. 2022; 12(9):2080. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12092080
Chicago/Turabian StyleBugălă, Narcis Mihăiţă, Mara Carsote, Loredana Elena Stoica, Dana Maria Albulescu, Mihaela Jana Ţuculină, Smaranda Adelina Preda, Ancuta-Ramona Boicea, and Dragoș Ovidiu Alexandru. 2022. "New Approach to Addison Disease: Oral Manifestations Due to Endocrine Dysfunction and Comorbidity Burden" Diagnostics 12, no. 9: 2080. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12092080