The Effect of Primary Aldosteronism on Carotid Artery Texture in Ultrasound Images
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Blood Pressure Monitoring
2.3. Laboratory
2.4. Carotid Ultrasound and IMT Measurement
2.5. Texture Analysis
- •
- Inverse difference moment
- •
- Correlation
- •
- Contrast
- •
- Maximum
- •
- Energy
- •
- Dissimilarity
- •
- Entropy
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Clinical Characteristics of Study Groups
3.2. Statistical Significance Testing
3.3. Classification Performance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Feature | Description |
---|---|
μ | mean intensity (n = 1) |
σ | standard deviation of the intensity (n = 1) |
Haralick texture descriptors (n = 5 × 4 × 7 = 140) | |
d displacement in pixels (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) | |
Hd,θ,a | θ displacement direction (0°, 45°, 90°, and 135°) |
a texture descriptor (1: inverse difference moment, 2: correlation, 3: contrast, 4: maximum, 5: energy, 6: dissimilarity, and 7: entropy) | |
Wavelet texture descriptors (n = (3 × 3) + 1 = 10) | |
i decomposition level (1, 2, and 3) | |
Wi,j | j filter orientation (1: GxGx, 2: HxGy, and 3: GxHy) |
W0 | low-pass subband wavelet energy |
Primary Aldosteronism (n = 33) | Essential Hypertension (n = 52) | Hypertensive Patients (n = 85) | Normotensive Controls (n = 33) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 57 ± 8 | 55 ± 7 | 56 ± 7 | 54 ± 8 |
Gender (F/M (%F)) | 13/20 (39) | 20/32 (38) | 33/52 (39) | 16/17 (48) |
Body mass index (kg·m−2) | 29.0 ± 3.9 # | 28.4 ± 4.6 # | 28.7±4.3 # | 26.6 ± 4.2 |
Office systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 164 ± 23 ## | 170 ± 30 ## | 168±28 ## | 125 ±15 |
Office diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 97 ± 14 ## | 99 ± 17 ## | 98±16 ## | 78 ± 9 |
Current cigarette smoking (n (%)) | 11 (33) | 20 (38) | 31 (36) | 8 (24) |
Lipid lowering medication (n (%)) | 10 (30) | 21 (40) | 31 (36) | 9 (27) |
Diabetes mellitus (n (%)) | 8 (24) | 11 (21) | 19 (22) | - |
Plasma cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.98 ± 1.05 # | 5.28 ± 1.00 # | 5.16 ± 1.02 # | 5.59 ± 0.97 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.99 ± 0.87 | 3.06 ± 0.77 | 3.03 ± 0.81 | 3.19 ± 0.84 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.30 ± 0.34 # | 1.38 ± 0.33 # | 1.35 ± 0.34 # | 1.61 ± 0.40 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.54 ± 0.54 | 1.85 ± 0.97 | 1.73 ± 1.02 | 1.73 ± 1.02 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 4.9 ± 0.5 | 5.2 ± 0.9 | 5.1 ± 0.8 | 5.0 ± 0.6 |
Plasma potassium (mmol/L) | 3.6 ± 0.5 **,## | 4.0 ± 0.3 ## | 3.8 ± 0.4 ## | 4.4 ± 0.4 |
Plasma sodium (mmol/L) | 143 ± 3 | 142 ± 3 | 143 ± 3 | 141 ± 2 |
Plasma aldosterone-upright (ng/dL) | 38.9 (27.4–64.9) ** | 15.7 (9.2–23.1) | NA | |
Plasma renin activity-upright (ng/mL per h) | 0.36 (0.25–0.56) ** | 0.66 (0.37–1.68) | NA | |
Aldosterone to plasma renin activity ratio-upright (ng/dL)/(ng/mL per h) | 103 (69–157) ** | 17 (8–41) | NA | |
Urine potassium/day (mmol/24 h) | 62 (47–100) * | 46 (31–58) | NA | |
CCA IMT mean-max (mm) | 0.987 ± 0.152 *,## | 0.892 ± 0.155 # | 0.93 ± 0.16 # | 0.812 ± 0.126 |
CB IMT mean-max (mm) | 1.157 ± 0.243 # | 1.131 ± 0.275 # | 1.14 ± 0.26 # | 0.994 ± 0.203 |
Combined IMT mean-max (mm) | 1.066 ± 0.162 ## | 0.974 ± 0.196 # | 1.01 ± 0.19 # | 0.884 ± 0.141 |
Primary Aldosteronism (n = 33) | Essential Hypertension (n = 52) | |
---|---|---|
Estimated duration of hypertension (years) | 11.5 ± 7.8 | 14.5 ± 11.2 |
Chronic antihypertensive therapy | ||
Diuretics (n (%)) | 20 (61) | 31 (60) |
β-Blockers (n (%)) | 20 (61) | 39 (75) |
Calcium channel blockers (n (%)) | 28 (85) | 41 (79) |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (n (%)) | 19 (58) | 33 (63) |
Angiotensin receptor blockers (n (%)) | 15 (45) | 18 (35) |
α-Blockers (n (%)) | 8 (24) | 17 (33) |
Central agonists (n (%)) | 18 (55) | 23 (44) |
Aldosterone antagonists | - | - |
Number of antihypertensive drugs | 4.0 ± 1.5 | 4.0 ± 1.8 |
Blood pressure after discontinuation of therapy | ||
Office systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 164 ± 23 | 170 ± 30 |
Office diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 97 ± 14 | 99 ± 17 |
Mean 24 h systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 150 ± 14 | 148 ± 15 |
Mean 24 h diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 90 ± 8 | 89 ± 10 |
PA Versus EH | PA + EH Versus Controls | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | t-Test | KS Test | MW Test | t-Test | KS Test | MW Test |
Plasma aldosterone | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | NA | NA | NA |
ARR | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | NA | NA | NA |
Plasma renin activity | 0.004 | 0.002 | <0.001 | NA | NA | NA |
CCA–IMT | 0.007 | 0.012 | 0.013 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Combined mean IMT | 0.022 | 0.025 | <0.001 | 0.008 | 0.001 | |
Plasma cholesterol | 0.041 | |||||
HDL cholesterol | 0.002 | 0.004 | <0.001 | |||
Systolic blood pressure | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Body mass index | 0.024 | 0.019 | ||||
Diastolic blood pressure | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
CB–IMT | 0.004 | 0.016 |
PA Versus EH | PA + EH Versus Controls | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | t-Test | KS Test | MW Test | t-Test | KS Test | MW Test |
W2,2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
W3,3 | <0.001 | 0.034 | 0.003 | |||
W3,2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
W3,1 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | |||
H1,0,2 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
H1,135,2 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
W2,3 | <0.001 | 0.017 | 0.005 | |||
H2,135,2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
H2,0,2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
W0 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Accuracy | ||
---|---|---|
Parameters | PA Versus EH | PA + EH Versus Controls |
Clinical characteristics | 0.57 | 0.89 |
Clinical characteristics + IMT parameters | 0.63 | 0.92 |
Texture features | 0.73 | 0.66 |
“Aldo” parameters | 0.92 | NA |
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Kaushik, S.; Majtan, B.; Holaj, R.; Baručić, D.; Kološová, B.; Widimský, J., Jr.; Kybic, J. The Effect of Primary Aldosteronism on Carotid Artery Texture in Ultrasound Images. Diagnostics 2022, 12, 3206. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12123206
Kaushik S, Majtan B, Holaj R, Baručić D, Kološová B, Widimský J Jr., Kybic J. The Effect of Primary Aldosteronism on Carotid Artery Texture in Ultrasound Images. Diagnostics. 2022; 12(12):3206. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12123206
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaushik, Sumit, Bohumil Majtan, Robert Holaj, Denis Baručić, Barbora Kološová, Jiří Widimský, Jr., and Jan Kybic. 2022. "The Effect of Primary Aldosteronism on Carotid Artery Texture in Ultrasound Images" Diagnostics 12, no. 12: 3206. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12123206
APA StyleKaushik, S., Majtan, B., Holaj, R., Baručić, D., Kološová, B., Widimský, J., Jr., & Kybic, J. (2022). The Effect of Primary Aldosteronism on Carotid Artery Texture in Ultrasound Images. Diagnostics, 12(12), 3206. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12123206