Breast Cancer Heterogeneity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Inter-Tumor Heterogeneity
3. Intra-Tumor Heterogeneity
3.1. Spatial Heterogeneity
3.2. Temporal Heterogeneity
4. Clinical Implications of Tumor Heterogeneity
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Luminal-A | Luminal-B | HER2+ Non-Luminal | Triple Negative | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hormone receptors | ER+ and/or PR+ | ER+ and/or PR+ | ER−, PR− | ER−, PR− |
HER2 | HER2− | HER2+/− | HER2+ | HER2− |
Ki67 | Ki67 < 20 | Ki67 ≥ 20 | ||
Prevalence among populations [15] | Non Africans 47–61% | All 8–18% | Asians 19–36% | Africans 27–37% |
Africans 26–27% | Caucasians 13.7–19% | Others 8–20% | ||
Africans 15–23% | ||||
Most frequently/peculiar mutated genes [19] | PIK3CA (47.5%) | TP53 (36.0%) | TP53 (70.5%) | TP53 (89.5%) |
CDH1 (21.8%) | PIK3CA (29.9%) | PIK3CA (33.3%) | TTN (24.0%) | |
GATA3 (15.4%) | TTN (20.3%) | TTN (28.6%) | BRCA1 (7.6%) | |
MAP3K1 (14.2%) | GATA3 (20.3%) | MUC1 (19.2%) | NF1 (4.7%) | |
Most frequently/peculiar CNA [19] | CCND1 (17.0%) | CCND1 (25.9%) | ERBB2 (70.5%) | MYC (35.7%) |
FGF19 (16.8%) | FGF4 (24.4%) | |||
FGF3 (16.6%) | FGF3 (23.9%) | |||
FGF4 (16.6%) | FGFR1 (19.3%) | |||
Biologic pathway [15] | ER signaling | ER signaling | HER-2 signaling | Immune response |
ECM | ECM | Proliferation | ECM | |
Proliferation | Immune response | Proliferation | ||
Tumor invasion |
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Fumagalli, C.; Barberis, M. Breast Cancer Heterogeneity. Diagnostics 2021, 11, 1555. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11091555
Fumagalli C, Barberis M. Breast Cancer Heterogeneity. Diagnostics. 2021; 11(9):1555. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11091555
Chicago/Turabian StyleFumagalli, Caterina, and Massimo Barberis. 2021. "Breast Cancer Heterogeneity" Diagnostics 11, no. 9: 1555. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11091555