The Associations of Periodontopathic Bacteria and Oral Candida with Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area in Older Adults Receiving Supportive Periodontal Therapy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients
2.2. Oral Rinse Sample Collection and DNA Extraction
2.3. Oral Investigation
2.4. Periodontopathic Bacteria and Candida Detection by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Associations of PISA and PESA with Clinical Factors in Older People
3.2. Associations of the Presence of Periodontopathic Bacteria with PISA and PESA in Older People
3.3. Associations of the Combined Presence of Periodontopathic Bacteria and C. albicans with PISA in Older People
3.4. Associations of the Presence of Periodontopathic Bacteria/Candida with Clinical Factors
3.5. Associations of the Presence of Periodontopathic Bacteria with PISA and PESA in Propensity Score-Matched Patients
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Periodontal Conditions | Number of Patients (%) |
---|---|
Probing depth | |
<4 mm | 36 (36.0%) |
≥4 mm and <6 mm | 32 (32.0%) |
≥6 mm | 32 (32.0%) |
≥4 mm periodontal pocket with BOP | |
No | 62 (62.0%) |
Yes | 38 (38.0%) |
≥6 mm periodontal pocket with BOP | |
No | 77 (77.0%) |
Yes | 23 (23.0%) |
Clinical Factor (n) | PISA | p-Value | PESA | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age in years | ||||
60–69 (42) | 203.8 ± 172.5 | 0.70 a | 1180.8 ± 207.2 | 0.40 a |
70–79 (37) | 208.0 ± 313.4 | 1086.5 ± 361.0 | ||
80–89 (20) | 191.4 ± 268.0 | 1062.0 ± 435.3 | ||
90–99 (1) | 165.5 | 1036.3 | ||
Sex | ||||
Men (44) | 208.2 ± 271.2 | 0.83 b | 1122.9 ± 367.4 | 0.68 b |
Women (56) | 197.9 ± 231.9 | 1119.0 ± 323.4 | ||
Cardiovascular disease | ||||
No (91) | 208.1 ± 258.0 | 0.99 b | 1126.0 ± 349.0 | 0.61 b |
Yes (9) | 145.1 ± 113.7 | 1067.5 ± 267.0 | ||
Hypertension | ||||
No (75) | 191.8 ± 235.7 | 0.52 b | 1100.2 ± 358.9 | 0.30 b |
Yes (25) | 234.4 ± 287.1 | 1182.3 ± 281.1 | ||
Diabetes | ||||
No (87) | 185.0 ± 207.3 | 0.32 b | 1115.0 ± 334.5 | 0.88 b |
Yes (13) | 319.2 ± 430.8 | 1158.6 ± 399.1 | ||
Dyslipidemia | ||||
No (79) | 207.6 ± 264.1 | 0.91 b | 1110.3 ± 363.8 | 0.39 b |
Yes (21) | 183.0 ± 183.3 | 1159.1 ± 244.4 | ||
Smoking | ||||
Non-smoker (90) | 183.7 ± 221.2 | 0.15 b | 1099.2 ± 332.2 | 0.04 b |
Current/former smoker (10) | 371.2 ± 401.7 | 1314.5 ± 382.4 | ||
Number of remaining teeth | ||||
≥20 (81) | 221.4 ± 265.2 | 0.07 a | 1210.4 ± 286.7 | <0.01 a |
10–19 (17) | 134.4 ± 141.0 | 802.7 ± 232.2 | ||
0–9 (2) | 12.5 ± 17.7 | 191.1 ± 139.5 |
Clinical Factor (n) | P. gingivalis | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Negative (36) | Positive (36) | ||
Age | 72.1 ± 7.9 | 72.1 ± 7.7 | 0.93 a |
Age in years | |||
60–69 (32) | 15 (41.7%) | 17 (47.2%) | 0.77 b |
70–79 (27) | 15 (41.7%) | 12 (33.3%) | |
80–89 (13) | 6 (16.7%) | 7 (19.4%) | |
Sex | |||
Men (30) | 13 (36.1%) | 17 (47.2%) | 0.43 c |
Women (42) | 23 (63.9%) | 19 (52.8%) | |
Cardiovascular disease | |||
No (65) | 33 (91.7%) | 32 (88.9%) | 0.50 c |
Yes (7) | 3 (8.3%) | 4 (11.1%) | |
Hypertension | |||
No (54) | 28 (77.8%) | 26 (72.2%) | 0.39 c |
Yes (18) | 8 (22.2%) | 10 (27.8%) | |
Diabetes | |||
No (66) | 32 (88.9%) | 34 (94.4%) | 0.34 c |
Yes (6) | 4 (11.1%) | 2 (5.6%) | |
Dyslipidemia | |||
No (58) | 29 (80.6%) | 29 (80.6%) | 0.62 c |
Yes (14) | 7 (19.4%) | 7 (19.4%) | |
Smoking | |||
Non-smoker (66) | 34 (94.4%) | 32 (88.9%) | 0.34 c |
Current/former smoker (6) | 2 (5.6%) | 4 (11.1%) | |
Remaining teeth | 24.0 ± 6.1 | 23.2 ± 5.1 | 0.22 a |
PISA (mm2) | 149.5 ± 134.0 | 199.0 ± 292.0 | 0.36 a |
PESA (mm2) | 1093.8 ± 345.5 | 1113.7 ± 334.8 | 0.81 a |
Clinical Factor (n) | P. gingivalis/T.forsythia Positive | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
No (36) | Yes (36) | ||
Age | 72.1 ± 8.3 | 71.9 ± 7.0 | 0.91 a |
Age in years | |||
60–69 (31) | 16 (44.4%) | 15 (41.7%) | 0.88 b |
70–79 (28) | 13 (36.1%) | 15 (41.7%) | |
80–89 (13) | 7 (19.4%) | 6 (16.7%) | |
Sex | |||
Men (29) | 15 (41.7%) | 14 (38.9%) | 0.50 c |
Women (43) | 21 (58.3%) | 22 (61.1%) | |
Cardiovascular disease | |||
No (68) | 33 (91.7%) | 35 (97.2%) | 0.31 c |
Yes (4) | 3 (8.3%) | 1 (2.8%) | |
Hypertension | |||
No (56) | 28 (77.8%) | 28 (77.8%) | 0.61 c |
Yes (16) | 8 (22.2%) | 8 (22.2%) | |
Diabetes | |||
No (60) | 31 (86.1%) | 29 (80.6%) | 0.38 c |
Yes (12) | 5 (13.9%) | 7 (19.4%) | |
Dyslipidemia | |||
No (58) | 29 (80.6%) | 29 (80.6%) | 0.62 c |
Yes (14) | 7 (19.4%) | 7 (19.4%) | |
Smoking | |||
Non-smoker (66) | 34 (94.4%) | 32 (88.9%) | 0.34 c |
Current/former smoker (6) | 2 (5.6%) | 4 (11.1%) | |
Remaining teeth | 23.6 ± 6.2 | 23.0 ± 5.1 | 0.91 a |
PISA (mm2) | 150.4 ± 136.8 | 274.1 ± 347.5 | 0.53 a |
PESA (mm2) | 1073.6 ± 351.5 | 1144.4 ± 377.5 | 0.41 a |
Clinical Factor (n) | T. forsythia/T. denticola Positive | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
No (36) | Yes (36) | ||
Age | 71.7 ± 7.5 | 71.1 ± 7.8 | 0.71 a |
Age in years | |||
60–69 (35) | 17 (47.2%) | 18 (50.0%) | 0.97 b |
70–79 (25) | 13 (36.1%) | 12 (33.3%) | |
80–89 (12) | 6 (16.7%) | 6 (16.7%) | |
Sex | |||
Men (30) | 16 (44.4%) | 14 (38.9%) | 0.41 c |
Women (42) | 20 (55.6%) | 22 (61.1%) | |
Cardiovascular disease | |||
No (67) | 33 (91.7%) | 34 (94.4%) | 0.50 c |
Yes (5) | 3 (8.3%) | 2 (5.6%) | |
Hypertension | |||
No (56) | 28 (77.8%) | 28 (77.8%) | 0.61 c |
Yes (16) | 8 (22.2%) | 8 (22.2%) | |
Diabetes | |||
No (65) | 33 (91.7%) | 32 (88.9%) | 0.50 c |
Yes (7) | 3 (8.3%) | 4 (11.1%) | |
Dyslipidemia | |||
No (61) | 31 (86.1%) | 30 (83.3%) | 0.50 c |
Yes (11) | 5 (13.9%) | 6 (16.7%) | |
Smoking | |||
Non-smoker (64) | 33 (91.7%) | 31 (86.1%) | 0.36 c |
Current/former smoker (8) | 3 (8.3%) | 5 (13.9%) | |
Remaining teeth | 23.1 ± 5.8 | 23.3 ± 5.2 | 0.95 a |
PISA (mm2) | 130.0 ± 134.2 | 259.6 ± 286.3 | 0.02 a |
PESA (mm2) | 1014.1 ± 318.6 | 1187.2 ± 347.6 | 0.03 a |
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Shigeishi, H.; Nakamura, M.; Oka, I.; Su, C.-Y.; Yano, K.; Ishikawa, M.; Kaneyasu, Y.; Sugiyama, M.; Ohta, K. The Associations of Periodontopathic Bacteria and Oral Candida with Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area in Older Adults Receiving Supportive Periodontal Therapy. Diagnostics 2021, 11, 1397. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11081397
Shigeishi H, Nakamura M, Oka I, Su C-Y, Yano K, Ishikawa M, Kaneyasu Y, Sugiyama M, Ohta K. The Associations of Periodontopathic Bacteria and Oral Candida with Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area in Older Adults Receiving Supportive Periodontal Therapy. Diagnostics. 2021; 11(8):1397. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11081397
Chicago/Turabian StyleShigeishi, Hideo, Mariko Nakamura, Iori Oka, Cheng-Yih Su, Kanako Yano, Momoko Ishikawa, Yoshino Kaneyasu, Masaru Sugiyama, and Kouji Ohta. 2021. "The Associations of Periodontopathic Bacteria and Oral Candida with Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area in Older Adults Receiving Supportive Periodontal Therapy" Diagnostics 11, no. 8: 1397. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11081397