Host-Pathogen Adhesion as the Basis of Innovative Diagnostics for Emerging Pathogens

van Belkum, Alex; Almeida, Carina; Bardiaux, Benjamin; Barrass, Sarah V.; Butcher, Sarah J.; Çaykara, Tuğçe; Chowdhury, Sounak; Datar, Rucha; Eastwood, Ian; Goldman, Adrian; Goyal, Manisha; Happonen, Lotta; Izadi-Pruneyre, Nadia; Jacobsen, Theis; Johnson, Pirjo H.; Kempf, Volkhard A. J.; Kiessling, Andreas; Bueno, Juan Leva; Malik, Anchal; Malmström, Johan; Meuskens, Ina; Milner, Paul A.; Nilges, Michael; Pamme, Nicole; Peyman, Sally A.; Rodrigues, Ligia R.; Rodriguez-Mateos, Pablo; Sande, Maria G.; Silva, Carla Joana; Stasiak, Aleksandra Cecylia; Stehle, Thilo; Thibau, Arno; Vaca, Diana J.; Linke, Dirk

doi:10.3390/diagnostics11071259

Open AccessReview

Host-Pathogen Adhesion as the Basis of Innovative Diagnostics for Emerging Pathogens

by

Alex van Belkum

^1,*

,

Carina Almeida

²,

Benjamin Bardiaux

³

,

Sarah V. Barrass

⁴,

Sarah J. Butcher

⁴

,

Tuğçe Çaykara

⁵,

Sounak Chowdhury

⁶,

Rucha Datar

⁷,

Ian Eastwood

⁸,

Adrian Goldman

^4,9,

Manisha Goyal

¹,

Lotta Happonen

⁶,

Nadia Izadi-Pruneyre

³,

Theis Jacobsen

³,

Pirjo H. Johnson

⁹,

Volkhard A. J. Kempf

¹⁰,

Andreas Kiessling

⁹,

Juan Leva Bueno

⁹,

Anchal Malik

⁹,

Johan Malmström

⁶

,

Ina Meuskens

¹¹,

Paul A. Milner

⁹,

Michael Nilges

³,

Nicole Pamme

¹²

,

Sally A. Peyman

⁹

,

Ligia R. Rodrigues

¹³

,

Pablo Rodriguez-Mateos

¹²,

Maria G. Sande

¹³,

Carla Joana Silva

⁵,

Aleksandra Cecylia Stasiak

¹⁴

,

Thilo Stehle

¹⁴,

Arno Thibau

¹⁰,

Diana J. Vaca

¹⁰ and

Dirk Linke

^11,* Show full author list Hide full author list

¹

BioMérieux, Open Innovation & Partnerships, 38390 La Balme Les Grottes, France

²

Biomode, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal

³

Institut Pasteur, Structural Biology and Chemistry, 75724 Paris, France

⁴

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland

⁵

Centre for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal

⁶

Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22242 Lund, Sweden

⁷

BioMérieux, Microbiology R&D, 38390 La Balme Les Grottes, France

⁸

Eluceda, Burnley BB11 5UB, UK

⁹

School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK

¹⁰

Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany

¹¹

Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway

¹²

School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK

¹³

CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal

¹⁴

Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany

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^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Diagnostics 2021, 11(7), 1259; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11071259

Submission received: 20 April 2021 / Revised: 19 June 2021 / Accepted: 21 June 2021 / Published: 14 July 2021

(This article belongs to the Collection Diagnostic Sensors)

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Abstract

Infectious diseases are an existential health threat, potentiated by emerging and re-emerging viruses and increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance. Targeted treatment of infectious diseases requires precision diagnostics, especially in cases where broad-range therapeutics such as antibiotics fail. There is thus an increasing need for new approaches to develop sensitive and specific in vitro diagnostic (IVD) tests. Basic science and translational research are needed to identify key microbial molecules as diagnostic targets, to identify relevant host counterparts, and to use this knowledge in developing or improving IVD. In this regard, an overlooked feature is the capacity of pathogens to adhere specifically to host cells and tissues. The molecular entities relevant for pathogen–surface interaction are the so-called adhesins. Adhesins vary from protein compounds to (poly-)saccharides or lipid structures that interact with eukaryotic host cell matrix molecules and receptors. Such interactions co-define the specificity and sensitivity of a diagnostic test. Currently, adhesin-receptor binding is typically used in the pre-analytical phase of IVD tests, focusing on pathogen enrichment. Further exploration of adhesin–ligand interaction, supported by present high-throughput “omics” technologies, might stimulate a new generation of broadly applicable pathogen detection and characterization tools. This review describes recent results of novel structure-defining technologies allowing for detailed molecular analysis of adhesins, their receptors and complexes. Since the host ligands evolve slowly, the corresponding adhesin interaction is under selective pressure to maintain a constant receptor binding domain. IVD should exploit such conserved binding sites and, in particular, use the human ligand to enrich the pathogen. We provide an inventory of methods based on adhesion factors and pathogen attachment mechanisms, which can also be of relevance to currently emerging pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19.

Keywords: adhesin; receptor; infectious diseases; diagnostics

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MDPI and ACS Style

van Belkum, A.; Almeida, C.; Bardiaux, B.; Barrass, S.V.; Butcher, S.J.; Çaykara, T.; Chowdhury, S.; Datar, R.; Eastwood, I.; Goldman, A.; et al. Host-Pathogen Adhesion as the Basis of Innovative Diagnostics for Emerging Pathogens. Diagnostics 2021, 11, 1259. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11071259

AMA Style

van Belkum A, Almeida C, Bardiaux B, Barrass SV, Butcher SJ, Çaykara T, Chowdhury S, Datar R, Eastwood I, Goldman A, et al. Host-Pathogen Adhesion as the Basis of Innovative Diagnostics for Emerging Pathogens. Diagnostics. 2021; 11(7):1259. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11071259

Chicago/Turabian Style

van Belkum, Alex, Carina Almeida, Benjamin Bardiaux, Sarah V. Barrass, Sarah J. Butcher, Tuğçe Çaykara, Sounak Chowdhury, Rucha Datar, Ian Eastwood, Adrian Goldman, and et al. 2021. "Host-Pathogen Adhesion as the Basis of Innovative Diagnostics for Emerging Pathogens" Diagnostics 11, no. 7: 1259. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11071259

APA Style

van Belkum, A., Almeida, C., Bardiaux, B., Barrass, S. V., Butcher, S. J., Çaykara, T., Chowdhury, S., Datar, R., Eastwood, I., Goldman, A., Goyal, M., Happonen, L., Izadi-Pruneyre, N., Jacobsen, T., Johnson, P. H., Kempf, V. A. J., Kiessling, A., Bueno, J. L., Malik, A., ... Linke, D. (2021). Host-Pathogen Adhesion as the Basis of Innovative Diagnostics for Emerging Pathogens. Diagnostics, 11(7), 1259. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11071259

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Host-Pathogen Adhesion as the Basis of Innovative Diagnostics for Emerging Pathogens

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