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Diagnostics
Volume 11
Issue 6
10.3390/diagnostics11061038
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Article

Targeted Swabbing of Implant-Associated Biofilm Formation—A Staining-Guided Sampling Approach for Optimizing Routine Microbiological Diagnostics

by
Sylvio Redanz
1,2,
Andreas Enz
3,*,
Andreas Podbielski
1 and
Philipp Warnke
1
1
Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 70, 18057 Rostock, Germany
2
Department of Translational Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute for Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medical Faculty Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
3
Orthopaedic Clinic and Policlinic, University Medicine Rostock, Doberaner Str. 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diagnostics 2021, 11(6), 1038; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11061038
Submission received: 15 April 2021 / Revised: 30 May 2021 / Accepted: 1 June 2021 / Published: 4 June 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease)
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Abstract

Background: Swabbing of implants removed from potentially infected sites represents a time saving and ubiquitously applicable alternative to sonication approaches. The latter bears an elevated risk of processing related contaminations due to the high number of handling steps. Since biofilms are usually invisible to the naked eye, adequate swabbing relies on the chance of hitting the colonized area on the implant. A targeted directed swabbing approach could overcome this detriment. Method: Three dyes were tested at different concentrations for their toxicity on biofilm-associated cells of S. epidermidis, the species most frequently identified as a causative agent of implant-associated infections. Results: Malachite green (0.2%) delivered the highest bacterial recovery rates combined with the best results in biofilm visualization. Its suitability for diagnostic approaches was demonstrated for smooth and rough implant surfaces. Biofilm-covered areas were successfully visualized. Conclusion: Subsequent targeted swab-sampling resulted in a significantly increased bacterial recovery rate compared to a dye-free “random swabbing” diagnostic approach.
Keywords: implant; swab; diagnostics; biofilm; staining; PJI implant; swab; diagnostics; biofilm; staining; PJI

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MDPI and ACS Style

Redanz, S.; Enz, A.; Podbielski, A.; Warnke, P. Targeted Swabbing of Implant-Associated Biofilm Formation—A Staining-Guided Sampling Approach for Optimizing Routine Microbiological Diagnostics. Diagnostics 2021, 11, 1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11061038

AMA Style

Redanz S, Enz A, Podbielski A, Warnke P. Targeted Swabbing of Implant-Associated Biofilm Formation—A Staining-Guided Sampling Approach for Optimizing Routine Microbiological Diagnostics. Diagnostics. 2021; 11(6):1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11061038

Chicago/Turabian Style

Redanz, Sylvio, Andreas Enz, Andreas Podbielski, and Philipp Warnke. 2021. "Targeted Swabbing of Implant-Associated Biofilm Formation—A Staining-Guided Sampling Approach for Optimizing Routine Microbiological Diagnostics" Diagnostics 11, no. 6: 1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11061038

APA Style

Redanz, S., Enz, A., Podbielski, A., & Warnke, P. (2021). Targeted Swabbing of Implant-Associated Biofilm Formation—A Staining-Guided Sampling Approach for Optimizing Routine Microbiological Diagnostics. Diagnostics, 11(6), 1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11061038

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