Paravertebral Muscle Mechanical Properties and Spinal Range of Motion in Patients with Acute Neck or Low Back Pain: A Case-Control Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Sample Size
2.4. Assessments and Procedures
2.4.1. Assessment of Muscle Mechanical Properties (MMPs)
2.4.2. Range of Motion (ROM) Assessment
2.4.3. Self-Reported Questionnaires
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Differences in MMPs and ROMs among Groups
3.2. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) Curves Based on MMPs and ROMs and Multinomial Regression
3.3. Intra-Group Associations among Outcomes, Sociodemographic, and Clinical Variables
4. Discussion
4.1. Differences in MMPs and ROMs between Spinal Pain and Controls
4.2. Capacity of MMPs and ROMs to Discriminate between Spinal Pain and Control Individuals
4.3. Associations between MMPs, ROMs with Sociodemographic and Clinical Features
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AUC | Area Under the Curve |
BMI | Body Mass Index |
CV | Coefficient of Variation |
EMG | Electromyography |
sEMG | surface Electromyography |
FABQ | Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire |
FABQ-PA | Physical Activity Subscale of Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire |
FABQ-W | Work Subscale of Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire |
ICC | Intraclass Correlation Coefficient |
IMUs | Inertial Motion Units |
LBP | Low Back Pain |
MMP | Muscle Mechanical Property |
NDI | Neck Disability Index |
NP | Neck Pain |
NPRS | Numerical Pain Rating Scale |
NS | Not Significant |
NWC | Number of Words Chosen |
ODI | Oswestry Disability Index |
OR | Odds Ratio |
PRI | Pain Rating Index |
ROC | Receiver Operating Characteristic |
ROM | Range of Motion |
SF-12 | 12-item Short-Form Health Survey |
MCS-12 | Mental Component Summary of 12-item Short-Form Health Survey |
PCS-12 | Physical Component Summary of 12-item Short-Form Health Survey |
TSK-11SV | Short Version of Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia |
95%IC | 95% confidence interval |
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Variables | Low Back Pain (n = 33) | Neck Pain (n = 33) | Healthy (n = 33) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 41.9 ± 14.8 | 38.8 ± 11.1 | 37.0 ± 10.9 | 0.373 |
Sex (female/male) | 11/22 | 14/19 | 13/20 | 0.742 |
BMI (Kg/m2) | 25.9 ± 3.9 | 25.2 ± 4.7 | 23.8 ± 3.5 | 0.160 |
PCS-12 | 41.6 ± 8.6 | 42.5 ± 9.9 | 54.1 ± 3.7 | <0.001 ‡ |
MCS-12 | 50.9 ± 9.5 | 50.8 ± 10.4 | 53.1 ± 6.4 | 0.484 |
NPRS | 4.7 ± 1.6 | 5.4 ± 1.9 | - | 0.100 |
NWC | 9.3 ± 4.9 | 9.1 ± 4.5 | - | 0.855 |
PRI-total | 17.1 ± 9.5 | 18.4 ± 9.0 | - | 0.561 |
NDI | - | 11.0 ± 5.2 | - | |
ODI | 21.1 ± 12.8 | - | - | |
FABQ | 31.4 ± 13.6 | 36.2 ± 20.7 | - | 0.283 |
FABQ-PA | 12.3 ± 6.0 | 12.6 ± 6.7 | - | 0.815 |
FABQ-W | 11.8 ± 7.4 | 16.1 ± 10.7 | - | 0.072 |
TSK-11SV | 22.9 ± 6.5 | 22.7 ± 5.9 | - | 0.891 |
Muscle Mechanical Properties (MMPs) | ||||
Lumbar tone (Hz) | 14.94 ± 2.54 | 14.70 ± 1.63 | 15.16 ± 2.22 | 0.697 |
Lumbar stiffness (N/m) | 289.89 ± 76.23 | 279.95 ± 69.16 | 283.72 ± 75.37 | 0.847 |
Lumbar decrement | 1.41 ± 0.37 | 1.28 ± 0.35 | 1.26 ± 0.32 | 0.169 |
Lumbar relaxation (ms) | 19.45 ± 4.59 | 19.53 ± 4.24 | 19.48 ± 4.62 | 0.998 |
Lumbar creep (Deborah number) | 1.21 ± 0.27 | 1.15 ± 0.23 | 1.21 ± 0.24 | 0.519 |
Cervical tone (Hz) | 15.86 ± 2.09 | 16.52 ± 1.78 | 15.42 ± 2.24 | 0.048 § |
Cervical stiffness (N/m) | 275.92 ± 57.19 | 290.43 ± 53.97 | 265.14 ± 72.17 | 0.258 |
Cervical decrement | 1.43 ± 0.22 | 1.45 ± 0.18 | 1.27 ± 0.23 | 0.001 ‡ |
Cervical relaxation (ms) | 19.62 ± 3.87 | 18.10 ± 2.48 | 19.17 ± 4.08 | 0.214 |
Cervical creep (Deborah number) | 1.17 ± 0.20 | 1.11 ± 0.13 | 1.15 ± 0.20 | 0.312 |
Spinal Mobility (Range of Motion, ROM) | ||||
Lumbar flexion (°) | 49.0 ± 14.3 | 57.1 ± 12.6 | 53.8 ± 9.4 | 0.031 * |
Lumbar extension (°) | 18.6 ± 18.2 | 17.2 ± 10.5 | 16.9 ± 11.9 | 0.871 |
Lumbar rotation (°) | 27.2 ± 11.8 | 31.0 ± 10.0 | 27.9 ± 8.5 | 0.279 |
Lumbar lateral-flexion (°) | 54.7 ± 13.5 | 55.5 ± 8.8 | 56.5 ± 9.8 | 0.807 |
Cervical flexion (°) | 51.8 ± 8.8 | 46.0 ± 9.9 | 51.8 ± 7.4 | 0.010 † |
Cervical extension (°) | 45.4 ± 11.7 | 45.2 ± 16.1 | 50.5 ± 13.0 | 0.209 |
Cervical rotation (°) | 135.3 ± 19.5 | 127.8 ± 25.2 | 139.9 ± 15.0 | 0.047 § |
Cervical lateral-flexion (°) | 73.9 ± 19.6 | 68.6 ± 17.2 | 69.6 ± 11.4 | 0.383 |
State | Group | Estimated State | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low Back Pain | Neck Pain | Control | Percentage of Correct Estimation | ||
Real state | Low Back Pain | 19 | 6 | 8 | 57.6% |
Neck Pain | 7 | 23 | 2 | 71.9% | |
Control | 5 | 4 | 24 | 72.7% | |
Global percentage | 31.6% | 33.7% | 34.7% | 67.3% |
Variables | Lumbar Tone | Lumbar Stiffness | Lumbar Decrement | Lumbar Relaxation | Lumbar Creep | Cervical Tone | Cervical Stiffness | Cervical Decrement | Cervical Relaxation | Cervical Creep | Lumbar Flexion | Lumbar Extension | Lumbar Rotation | Lumbar Lateral-Flexion | Cervical Flexion | Cervical Extension | Cervical Rotation | Cervical Lateral-Flexion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.554 | 0.555 | 0.565 | −0.455 | NS | 0.342 | NS | 0.687 | NS | NS | −0.547 | NS | NS | −0.397 | −0.545 | −0.460 | −0.352 | −0.533 |
BMI | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | −0.416 | −0.436 | NS | 0.468 | 0.455 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | −0.421 | NS | −0.400 |
Lumbar flexion | −0.372 | −0.359 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | −0.399 | NS | NS | ||||||||
Lumbar extension | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||||||||
Lumbar rotation | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||||||||
Lumbar lateral-flexion | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||||||||
Cervical flexion | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||||||||
Cervical extension | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||||||||
Cervical rotation | −0.529 | −0.534 | −0.386 | 0.405 | 0.352 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||||||||
Cervical lateral-flexion | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Variables | Lumbar Tone | Lumbar Stiffness | Lumbar Decrement | Lumbar Relaxation | Lumbar Creep | Cervical Tone | Cervical Stiffness | Cervical Decrement | Cervical Relaxation | Cervical Creep | Lumbar Flexion | Lumbar Extension | Lumbar Rotation | Lumbar Lateral-Flexion | Cervical Flexion | Cervical Extension | Cervical Rotation | Cervical Lateral-Flexion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | NS | NS | 0.458 | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.541 | NS | NS | −0.459 | NS | NS | −0.401 | NS | −0.512 | −0.483 | −0.674 |
BMI | NS | NS | NS | 0.351 | 0.379 | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.341 | −0.388 | NS | NS | −0.423 | −0.403 | −0.513 | NS | NS |
Lumbar flexion | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||||||||
Lumbar extension | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||||||||
Lumbar rotation | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||||||||
Lumbar lateral-flexion | NS | NS | −0.545 | NS | −0.348 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||||||||
Cervical flexion | NS | NS | NS | NS | −0.409 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||||||||
Cervical extension | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||||||||
Cervical rotation | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||||||||
Cervical lateral-flexion | NS | NS | −0.522 | NS | NS | NS | NS | −0.364 | NS | NS |
Variables | Lumbar Tone | Lumbar Stiffness | Lumbar Decrement | Lumbar Relaxation | Lumbar Creep | Cervical Tone | Cervical Stiffness | Cervical Decrement | Cervical Relaxation | Cervical Creep | Lumbar Flexion | Lumbar Extension | Lumbar Rotation | Lumbar Lateral-Flexion | Cervical Flexion | Cervical Extension | Cervical Rotation | Cervical Lateral-Flexion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.644 | 0.598 | 0.653 | −0.629 | −0.410 | NS | NS | 0.529 | NS | NS | −0.376 | −0.650 | NS | NS | NS | −0.354 | NS | NS |
BMI | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.494 | 0.510 | −0.367 | NS | NS | −0.459 | NS | −0.502 | NS | NS |
Lumbar flexion | −0.411 | −0.341 | −0.384 | 0.413 | 0.341 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||||||||
Lumbar extension | −0.354 | −0.381 | −0.490 | 0.629 | 0.570 | NS | NS | −0.401 | NS | NS | ||||||||
Lumbar rotation | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||||||||
Lumbar lateral-flexion | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||||||||
Cervical flexion | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||||||||
Cervical extension | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | −0.352 | ||||||||
Cervical rotation | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||||||||
Cervical lateral-flexion | NS | NS | −0.464 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
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Alcaraz-Clariana, S.; García-Luque, L.; Garrido-Castro, J.L.; Fernández-de-las-Peñas, C.; Carmona-Pérez, C.; Rodrigues-de-Souza, D.P.; Alburquerque-Sendín, F. Paravertebral Muscle Mechanical Properties and Spinal Range of Motion in Patients with Acute Neck or Low Back Pain: A Case-Control Study. Diagnostics 2021, 11, 352. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11020352
Alcaraz-Clariana S, García-Luque L, Garrido-Castro JL, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Carmona-Pérez C, Rodrigues-de-Souza DP, Alburquerque-Sendín F. Paravertebral Muscle Mechanical Properties and Spinal Range of Motion in Patients with Acute Neck or Low Back Pain: A Case-Control Study. Diagnostics. 2021; 11(2):352. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11020352
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlcaraz-Clariana, Sandra, Lourdes García-Luque, Juan Luis Garrido-Castro, César Fernández-de-las-Peñas, Cristina Carmona-Pérez, Daiana Priscila Rodrigues-de-Souza, and Francisco Alburquerque-Sendín. 2021. "Paravertebral Muscle Mechanical Properties and Spinal Range of Motion in Patients with Acute Neck or Low Back Pain: A Case-Control Study" Diagnostics 11, no. 2: 352. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11020352