Diplopia Is Frequent and Associated with Motor and Non-Motor Severity in Parkinson’s Disease: Results from the COPPADIS Cohort at 2-Year Follow-Up
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Diplopia Definition
2.2. Serum Biomarkers Determination
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Standard Protocol Approvals, Registrations, and Patient Consents
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All | Without Diplopia | With Diplopia | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 481) | (N = 361) | (N = 120) | ||
At V0 (baseline) | ||||
Age at baseline | 62.62 ± 8.54 | 62.26 ± 8.78 | 63.69 ± 7.73 | 0.187 |
Gender (males) (%) | 59 | 59.2 | 59 | 0.531 |
Time from symptoms onset | 5.48 ± 4.26 | 5.27 ± 4.21 | 6.12 ± 4.35 | 0.312 |
Number of non-antipark. drugs | 2.51 ± 2.34 | 2.46 ± 2.38 | 2.65 ± 2.25 | 0.212 |
Arterial hypertension (%) | 32.2 | 29.1 | 41.7 | 0.008 |
Diabetes (%) | 8.3 | 7.8 | 10 | 0.275 |
Dyslipemia (%) | 32 | 31.6 | 33.3 | 0.401 |
Atrial fibrillation/arrhythmia (%) | 4.2 | 3.9 | 5 | 0.38 |
Cardiopahy (%) | 8.7 | 9.4 | 6.7 | 0.234 |
Smoking (%) | 9.6 | 10.5 | 6.7 | 0.142 |
Alcohol consumption (%) | 22.2 | 23.5 | 18.3 | 0.144 |
LEDD | 575.3 ± 419.78 | 548.81 ± 408.93 | 653.66 ± 442.91 | 0.014 |
H&Y-OFF stage 1–2 (%) | 91.1 | 92.2 | 87.8 | 0.112 |
UPDRS-III-OFF | 22.37 ± 10.61 | 21.48 ± 10.36 | 24.98 ± 10.93 | 0.003 |
UPDRS-IV | 2 ± 2.37 | 1.78 ± 2.32 | 2.66 ± 2.4 | <0.0001 |
FOGQ | 3.77 ± 4.6 | 3.24 ± 4.34 | 5.34 ± 5.23 | <0.0001 |
PD-CRS | 92.15 ± 15.77 | 93.47 ± 15.94 | 88.18 ± 14.61 | 0.001 |
NMSS | 44.92 ± 37.87 | 38.14 ± 31.22 | 65.33 ± 47.71 | <0.0001 |
BDI-II | 8.25 ± 6.85 | 7.83 ± 6.58 | 9.52 ± 7.5 | 0.031 |
PDSS | 117.27 ± 24.31 | 120.08 ± 21.84 | 108.84 ± 29.08 | <0.0001 |
NPI | 5.78 ± 7.89 | 5.44 ± 7.92 | 6.81 ± 7.74 | 0.023 |
QUIP-RS | 4.35 ± 8.3 | 4.22 ± 8.09 | 4.78 ± 9.03 | 0.459 |
VAS-PAIN | 2.55 ± 2.87 | 2.42 ± 2.86 | 2.95 ± 2.87 | <0.0001 |
VASF-Physical | 2.88 ± 2.7 | 2.64 ± 2.7 | 3.58 ± 2.59 | <0.0001 |
VASF-Mental | 2.11 ± 2.49 | 1.92 ± 2.47 | 2.69 ± 2.48 | 0.001 |
ADLS | 88.48 ± 11.43 | 89.45 ± 8.78 | 85.58 ± 11.43 | <0.0001 |
PDQ-39SI | 16.64 ± 12.98 | 14.53 ± 11.59 | 22.97 ± 14.82 | <0.0001 |
PQ-10 | 3.79 ± 0.7 | 3.87 ± 0.7 | 3.55 ± 0.64 | 0.054 |
EUROHIS-QoL | 3.78 ± 0.53 | 3.83 ± 0.53 | 3.62 ± 0.52 | <0.0001 |
Change at V2 (V2–V0) | ||||
Number of non-antipark. drugs | +0.51 ± 1.51 | +0.47 ± 1.47 | +0.63 ± 1.61 | 0.333 |
LEDD | +194.37 ± 330.58 | +190.15 ± 326.07 | +206.85 ± 344.71 | 0.614 |
UPDRS-III-OFF | +3.24 ± 10.08 | +2.23 ± 9.41 | +6.06 ± 11.31 | 0.007 |
UPDRS-IV | +0.71 ± 2.51 | +0.63 ± 2.41 | +0.93 ± 2.77 | 0.394 |
FOGQ | +1.16 ± 4.2 | +1.11 ± 3.96 | +1.31 ± 4.88 | 0.347 |
PD-CRS | −1.6 ± 11.85 | −1.17 ± 11.25 | −2.87 ± 13.46 | 0.089 |
NMSS | + 8.4 ± 34.82 | +7.07 ± 25.77 | +12.41 ± 53.49 | 0.618 |
BDI-II | +0.35 ± 7.84 | +0.09 ± 7.12 | +1.12 ± 9.66 | 0.487 |
PDSS | +0.52 ± 26.16 | +0.64 ± 22.98 | −0.14 ± 34.11 | 0.332 |
NPI | +0.52 ± 8.85 | −0.03 ± 7.22 | +2.12 ± 12.35 | 0.044 |
QUIP-RS | +0.21 ± 9.17 | −0.03 ± 8.59 | +1.01 ± 10.96 | 0.407 |
VAS-PAIN | +0.34 ± 3.26 | +0.38 ± 3.19 | +0.22 ± 3.49 | 0.691 |
VASF-Physical | +0.28 ± 3 | +0.35 ± 2.85 | +0.07 ± 3.44 | 0.499 |
VASF-Mental | +0.06 ± 2.81 | +0.07 ± 2.77 | −0.02 ± 2.95 | 0.644 |
ADLS | −4.13 ± 11.62 | −3.74 ± 10.98 | −5.34 ± 13.37 | 0.191 |
PDQ-39SI | +3.48 ± 12.26 | +3.16 ± 10.58 | +4.45 ± 16.36 | 0.5 |
PQ-10 | −0.14 ± 1.73 | −0.11 ± 1.76 | −0.21 ± 1.67 | 0.385 |
EUROHIS-QoL | −0.01 ± 0.6 | −0.01 ± 0.59 | −0.03 ± 0.62 | 0.727 |
All | Without Diplopia | With Diplopia | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 481) | (N = 361) | (N = 120) | ||
At V0 (baseline) | ||||
PD-CRS total score | 92.15 ± 15.77 | 93.47 ± 15.94 | 88.18 ± 14.61 | 0.001 |
PD-CSR FS sub-score | 64.32 ± 14.48 | 65.15 ± 14.72 | 61.85 ± 13.46 | 0.037 |
Immediate verbal memory | 8.05 ± 2.08 | 8.06 ± 8.03 | 8.03 ± 2.05 | 0.784 |
Sustained attention | 8.59 ± 14.48 | 8.67 ± 1.72 | 8.35 ± 1.95 | 0.063 |
Working memory | 7.13 ± 2.27 | 7.15 ± 2.25 | 7.07 ± 2.35 | 0.801 |
Clock drawing | 9.04 ± 1.61 | 9.09 ± 1.68 | 8.91 ± 1.4 | 0.339 |
Delayed verbal memory | 5.47 ± 2.79 | 5.43 ± 2.27 | 5.58 ± 2.95 | 0.677 |
Alternating verbal fluency | 11.38 ± 4.54 | 11.71 ± 4.5 | 10.42 ± 4.15 | 0.006 |
Action verbal fluency | 14.72 ± 5.74 | 15.12 ± 5.69 | 13.51 ± 5.78 | 0.003 |
PD-CRS PC sub-score | 27.83 ± 3.14 | 28.32 ± 2.48 | 26.33 ± 4.27 | <0.0001 |
Confrontation naming | 18.25 ± 2.91 | 18.72 ± 2.08 | 16.83 ± 4.29 | 0.005 |
Clock copy | 9.57 ± 1.03 | 9.6 ± 1.03 | 9.5 ± 1.02 | 0.638 |
Change at V2 (V2–V0) | ||||
PD-CRS total score | −1.6 ± 11.85 | −1.17 ± 11.25 | −2.87 ± 13.46 | 0.089 |
PD-CSR FS sub-score | −1.42 ± 10.88 | −0.96 ± 10.6 | −2.77 ± 11.61 | 0.065 |
Immediate verbal memory | −0.07 ± 2.45 | +0.15 ± 2.58 | −0.16 ± 2.02 | 0.306 |
Sustained attention | −0.43 ± 2.01 | −0.39 ± 1.93 | −0.66 ± 2.33 | 0.16 |
Working memory | −0.41 ± 2.09 | −0.35 ± 2.13 | −0.63 ± 1.93 | 0.292 |
Clock drawing | −0.2 ± 1.96 | −0.12 ± 1.93 | −0.57 ± 2.05 | 0.05 |
Delayed verbal memory | +0.36 ± 2.58 | +0.46 ± 2.57 | −0.09 ± 2.57 | 0.543 |
Alternating verbal fluency | −0.41 ± 4.08 | −0.34 ± 4.18 | −0.69 ± 3.62 | 0.09 |
Action verbal fluency | −0.46 ± 4.95 | −0.44 ± 5.1 | −0.53 ± 4.17 | 0.356 |
PD-CRS PC sub-score | −0.17 ± 2.86 | −0.19 ± 2.52 | −0.1 ± 3.71 | 0.434 |
Confrontation naming | +0.07 ± 2.34 | −0.01 ± 2.1 | +0.46 ± 3.21 | 0.839 |
Clock copy | −0.25 ± 1.48 | −0.2 ± 1.51 | −0.48 ± 1.38 | 0.076 |
OR a | OR b | 95% IC a | 95% IC b | p a | p b | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
At V0 (baseline) | ||||||
UPDRS-III-OFF | 1.031 | 1.025 | 1.011–1.051 | 0.998–1.054 | 0.003 | 0.075 |
NMSS | 1.018 | 1.009 | 1.012–1.024 | 1.002–1.017 | <0.0001 | 0.015 |
PDSS | 0.982 | 0.989 | 0.974–0.991 | 0.979–1.000 | <0.0001 | 0.056 |
Visual hallucinations | 4.076 | 2.264 | 2.628–6.324 | 1.269–4.039 | <0.0001 | 0.006 |
Change at V2 (V2–V0) | ||||||
UPDRS-III | 1.039 | 1.052 | 1.016–1.062 | 1.023–1.083 | 0.001 | <0.0001 |
NPI | 1.027 | 1.028 | 1.000–1.054 | 1.001–1.057 | 0.05 | 0.049 |
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Santos García, D.; Naya Ríos, L.; de Deus Fonticoba, T.; Cores Bartolomé, C.; García Roca, L.; Feal Painceiras, M.; Martínez Miró, C.; Canfield, H.; Jesús, S.; Aguilar, M.; Pastor, P.; Cosgaya, M.; García Caldentey, J.; Caballol, N.; Legarda, I.; Hernández Vara, J.; Cabo, I.; López Manzanares, L.; González Aramburu, I.; Ávila Rivera, M.A.; Gómez Mayordomo, V.; Nogueira, V.; Puente, V.; Dotor, J.; Borrué, C.; Solano Vila, B.; Álvarez Sauco, M.; Vela, L.; Escalante, S.; Cubo, E.; Carrillo Padilla, F.; Martínez Castrillo, J.C.; Sánchez Alonso, P.; Alonso Losada, M.G.; López Ariztegui, N.; Gastón, I.; Kulisevsky, J.; Blázquez Estrada, M.; Seijo, M.; Rúiz Martínez, J.; Valero, C.; Kurtis, M.; de Fábregues, O.; González Ardura, J.; Alonso Redondo, R.; Ordás, C.; López Díaz, L.M.; McAfee, D.; Martinez-Martin, P.; Mir, P., on behalf of the COPPADIS Study Group. Diplopia Is Frequent and Associated with Motor and Non-Motor Severity in Parkinson’s Disease: Results from the COPPADIS Cohort at 2-Year Follow-Up. Diagnostics 2021, 11, 2380. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11122380
Santos García D, Naya Ríos L, de Deus Fonticoba T, Cores Bartolomé C, García Roca L, Feal Painceiras M, Martínez Miró C, Canfield H, Jesús S, Aguilar M, Pastor P, Cosgaya M, García Caldentey J, Caballol N, Legarda I, Hernández Vara J, Cabo I, López Manzanares L, González Aramburu I, Ávila Rivera MA, Gómez Mayordomo V, Nogueira V, Puente V, Dotor J, Borrué C, Solano Vila B, Álvarez Sauco M, Vela L, Escalante S, Cubo E, Carrillo Padilla F, Martínez Castrillo JC, Sánchez Alonso P, Alonso Losada MG, López Ariztegui N, Gastón I, Kulisevsky J, Blázquez Estrada M, Seijo M, Rúiz Martínez J, Valero C, Kurtis M, de Fábregues O, González Ardura J, Alonso Redondo R, Ordás C, López Díaz LM, McAfee D, Martinez-Martin P, Mir P on behalf of the COPPADIS Study Group. Diplopia Is Frequent and Associated with Motor and Non-Motor Severity in Parkinson’s Disease: Results from the COPPADIS Cohort at 2-Year Follow-Up. Diagnostics. 2021; 11(12):2380. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11122380
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantos García, Diego, Lucía Naya Ríos, Teresa de Deus Fonticoba, Carlos Cores Bartolomé, Lucía García Roca, Maria Feal Painceiras, Cristina Martínez Miró, Hector Canfield, Silvia Jesús, Miquel Aguilar, Pau Pastor, Marina Cosgaya, Juan García Caldentey, Nuria Caballol, Inés Legarda, Jorge Hernández Vara, Iria Cabo, Lydia López Manzanares, Isabel González Aramburu, María A. Ávila Rivera, Víctor Gómez Mayordomo, Víctor Nogueira, Víctor Puente, Julio Dotor, Carmen Borrué, Berta Solano Vila, María Álvarez Sauco, Lydia Vela, Sonia Escalante, Esther Cubo, Francisco Carrillo Padilla, Juan C. Martínez Castrillo, Pilar Sánchez Alonso, Maria G. Alonso Losada, Nuria López Ariztegui, Itziar Gastón, Jaime Kulisevsky, Marta Blázquez Estrada, Manuel Seijo, Javier Rúiz Martínez, Caridad Valero, Mónica Kurtis, Oriol de Fábregues, Jessica González Ardura, Ruben Alonso Redondo, Carlos Ordás, Luis M. López Díaz, Darrian McAfee, Pablo Martinez-Martin, and Pablo Mir on behalf of the COPPADIS Study Group. 2021. "Diplopia Is Frequent and Associated with Motor and Non-Motor Severity in Parkinson’s Disease: Results from the COPPADIS Cohort at 2-Year Follow-Up" Diagnostics 11, no. 12: 2380. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11122380