Study of the Arrhythmogenic Profile in Dogs with Acute and Chronic Monocytic Ehrlichiosis
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Systemic Blood Pressure Measurement
2.3. Collection and Analysis of Biological Material
2.4. Conventional Electrocardiogram
2.5. Ambulatory Electrocardiogram (Holter)
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Electrocardiogram
3.1.1. P Wave Analysis
3.1.2. QT Interval Analysis
3.1.3. Correlation of Age and Heart Rate with Pd, QTd, and QT Instability Parameters
3.2. Holter Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CEUA | Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals |
CME | canine monocytic ehrlichiosis |
HF | high-frequency component of HRV |
HRV | heart rate variability |
LF | low-frequency component of HRV |
LF/HF | low-frequency/High-frequency ratio |
LTI | long-term instability |
PCR | polymerase chain reaction |
Pd | P wave dispersion |
Pd | P wave dispersion |
Pmax | largest P wave value |
Pmin | smallest P wave value |
pNN50 | percentage of adjacent R-R intervals with duration differences greater than 50 ms |
QTc | QT corrected |
QTd | QT interval dispersion |
QTd | largest QT interval value |
QTm | QT mean |
QTmax | largest QT interval value |
QTmin | smallest QT interval value |
QTv | QT variance |
rMSSD | root mean square of successive differences in consecutive R–R intervals |
rMSSD | root mean square of successive differences in consecutive R–R intervals |
RR or NN | interval between two R waves of the electrocardiogram |
SDANN | standard deviation of the averages of normal R-R intervals every 5 min |
SDNN | standard deviation of normal RR or NN intervals over a specified period |
STI | short-term instability |
TI | total instability |
References
- Mylonakis, M.E.; Harrus, S.; Breitschwerdt, E.B. An update on the treatment of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis). Vet. J. 2019, 246, 45–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mylonakis, M.E.; Theodorou, K.N. Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis: An Update on Diagnosis and Treatment. Acta Vet. 2017, 67, 299–317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sainz, Á.; Roura, X.; Miró, G.; Estrada-Peña, A.; Kohn, B.; Harrus, S.; Solano-Gallego, L. Guideline for veterinary practitioners on canine ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in Europe. Parasit. Vectors 2015, 4, 8–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Diniz, P.P.; de Morais, H.S.; Breitschwerdt, E.B.; Schwartz, D.S. Serum cardiac troponin I concentration in dogs with ehrlichiosis. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2008, 22, 1136–1143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Champion, T.; Francoy, C.; Bueno, G.P.N.; Camacho, A.A. Electrocardiographic evaluation and serum cardiac troponin I levels in anemic dogs with blood parasitosis. Semin. Ciênc. Agrár. 2013, 34, 2915–2924. Available online: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=445744136031 (accessed on 13 March 2025). [CrossRef]
- Filippi, M.G.; Lima, M.F.C.; Paes, A.C.; Aleixo, A.S.C.; Oba, E.; Ferreira, F.S.; Kiomi, R.T.; Lourenço, M.L.G. Evaluation of heart rate variability and behavior of electrocardiographic parameters in dogs affected by chronic Monocytic Ehrlichiosis. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0216552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lima, M.F.C.; Bornhousen, J.C.A.; Paes, A.C.; Filippi, M.G.; Aleixo, A.S.C.; Kiomi, R.T.; Lourenço, M.L.G. Conventional and Holter Electrocardiographic Assessment of Dogs Infected Naturally With Acute Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis. Top. Companion Anim. Med. 2019, 35, 31–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Acierno, M.J.; Brown, S.; Coleman, A.E.; Jepson, R.E.; Papich, M.; Stepien, R.L.; Syme, H.M. ACVIM consensus statement: Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2018, 32, 1803–1822. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wen, B.; Rikihisa, Y.; Mott, J.M.; Greene, R.; Kim, H.Y.; Zhi, N.; Couto, G.C.; Unver, A.; Bartsch, R. Comparison of nested PCR with immunofluorescent-antibody assay for detection of Ehrlichia canis infection in dogs treated with doxycycline. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1997, 35, 1852–1855. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tilley, L.P.; Smith, F. Chapter 3: Electrocardiography. In Manual of Canine and Feline Cardiology, 4th ed.; Tilley, P., Smith, F., Oyama, M., Sleeper, M.M., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2008; Volume 615, pp. 49–77. [Google Scholar]
- Santilli, R.; Moïse, N.S.; Pariaut, R.; Perego, M. Electrocardiography of the Dog and Cat, 2nd ed.; Edra: Milan, Italy, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- van der Linde, H.; van de Water, A.; Loots, W.; van Deuren, B.; Lu, H.R.; van Ammel, K.; Peeters, M.; Gallacher, D.J. A new method to calculate the beat-to-beat instability of QT duration in drug-induced long QT in anesthetized dogs. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2005, 52, 168–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fridericia, L.S. The Duration of Systole in an Electrocardiogram in Normal Humans and in Patients with Heart Disease. 1. Relationship of the pulse frequency and the duration of the ventricular electrocardiogram in normal humans at rest. Acta Medica Scand. 1920, 53, 469–486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Varshney, J.P.; Deshmukh, V.V.; Chaudhar, Y.P.S. Evaluation of Myocardial Injury in Acute Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis. Intas Polivet. 2015, 16, 340–344. [Google Scholar]
- Mylonakis, M.E.; Koutinas, A.F.; Breitschwerdt, E.B.; Hegarty, B.C.; Billinis, C.D.; Leontides, L.S.; Kontos, V.S. Chronic canine ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis): A retrospective study of 19 natural cases. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 2004, 40, 174–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hess, P.R.; English, R.V.; Hegarty, B.C.; Brown, G.D.; Breitschwerdt, E.B. Experimental Ehrlichia canis infection in the dog does not cause immunosuppression. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2006, 109, 117–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ueno, T.; Aguiar, D.M.; Pacheco, R.C.; Richtzenhain, L.J.; Ribeiro, M.G.; Paes, A.C.; Megid, J.; Labruna, M.B. Ehrlichia canis em cães atendidos em hospital veterinário de Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. Rev. Bras. Parasit. 2009, 18, 57–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferreira, G.B.; Filippi, M.G.; Paes, A.C.; Lourenço, M.L.G. Electrocardiographic evaluation in dogs with monocytic ehrlichiosis. J. Contin. Educ. Anim. Sci. CRMV-SP 2017, 15, 38–44. [Google Scholar]
- Lutfi, M.F. Effects of Hemoglobin Concentration on Heart Rate Variability. Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Res. 2011, 2, 127–131. [Google Scholar]
- Lauscher, P.; Kertscho, H.; Raab, L.; Habler, O.; Meier, J. Changes in heart rate variability across different degrees of acute dilutional anemia. Minerva Anestesiol. 2011, 77, 943–951. [Google Scholar]
- Diniz, P.P.V.P. Miocardite em cães com erliquiose monocítica. In Tese (Doutorado em Medicina Veterinária); Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista: Botucatu, Brazil, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Okutucu, S.; Aytemir, K.; Oto, A. P-wave dispersion: What we know until now? J. R. Soc. Med. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2016, 5, 2048004016639443. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Santos, B.A.; Corrêa, J.V.; Latini, C.D.; Tsunemi, M.H.; Alfonso, A.; Machado, L.H.A.; Lourenço, M.L.G. Study of the Arrhythmogenic Profile of Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease in Stages B1 and B2. Vet. Sci. 2024, 11, 467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aytemir, K.; Amasyali, B.; Kose, S.; Kilic, A.; Abali, G.; Oto, A.; Isik, E. Maximum P-wave duration and P-wave dispersion predict recurrence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome after successful radiofrequency catheter ablation. J. Interv. Card. Electrophysiol. 2008, 11, 21–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vila, B.C.P.; Camacho, A.A.; Sousa, M.G. T-wave peak-end interval and ratio of T-wave peak-end and QT intervals: Novel arrhythmogenic and survival markers for dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. J. Vet. Cardiol. 2021, 35, 25–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vila, B.D.P.; Vanhoni, M.S.; Sousa, M.G. QT interval instability and variability in dogs with naturally-occurring hypercortisolism. Vet. Res. Commun. 2023, 47, 121–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Junqueira, L.F., Jr. Disfunção Autonômica Cardíaca. In Doenças do Coração—Tratamento e Reabilitação; Porto, C.C., Ed.; Guanabara-Koogan: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1998; Volume 58, pp. 306–311. [Google Scholar]
- Santilli, R.; Saponaro, V.; Carlucci, L.; Perego, M.; Battaia, S.; Borgarelli, M. Heart rhythm characterization during sudden cardiac death in dogs. J. Vet. Cardiol. 2021, 38, 18–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Szaluś-Jordanow, O.; Stabińska-Smolarz, M.; Czopowicz, M.; Moroz, A.; Mickiewicz, M.; Łobaczewski, A.; Chrobak-Chmiel, D.; Kizerwetter-Świda, M.; Rzewuska, M.; Sapierzyński, R.; et al. Focused cardiac ultrasound examination as a tool for diagnosis of infective endocarditis and myocarditis in dogs and cats. Animals 2021, 11, 3162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yilmaz, M.; Kayancicek, H.; Cekici, Y. Heart rate variability: Highlights from hidden signals. J. Integr. Cardiol. 2018, 4, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bogucki, S.; Noszcyk-Nowak, A. Short-term heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy dogs. Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 2015, 18, 307–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Romão, L.M.M.; Aleixo, A.S.C.; Romão, F.G.; Lima, M.C.F.; Tsunemi, M.; Chiacchio, S.B.; Godoy, M.F.; Lourenço, M.L.G. Short-term Heart Rate Variability Analysis in Healthy Dogs of Different Ages. Acta Sci. Vet. 2022, 50, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Variables/Groups | G1 (Acute) | G2 (Chronic) | G3 (Control) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 4.71 BC | 2.66 AC | 5.67 Ab |
Weight (kg) | 18.00 DF | 15.03 DE | 23.01 EF |
Male | 4/30 (13.3%) | 7/30 (23.3%) | 7/30 (23.3%) |
Female | 6/30 (20%) | 3/30 (10%) | 3/30 (10%) |
Pmax | Pmin | Pd | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G1 (Acute) | G2 (Chronic) | G3 (Control) | G1 (Acute) | G2 (Chronic) | G3 (Control) | G1 (Acute) | G2 (Chronic) | G3 (Control) |
52.67 ± 4.76 A | 48.83 ± 5.33 A | 46.53 ± 4.75 A | 42.03 ± 3.921 B | 40.80 ± 3.69 B | 39.67 ± 5.17 B | 10.56 ± 3.16 DE | 7.80 ± 2.55 cd | 6.90 ± 2.87 Cc |
QTmax | QTmin | QTd | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G1 (Acute) | G2 (Chronic) | G1 (Control) | G1 (Acute) | G2 (Chronic) | G3 (Control) | G1 (Acute) | G2 (Chronic) | G3 (Control) |
211.73 ± 15.12 aB | 193.70 ± 16.58 AC | 208.16 ± 11.46 BC | 193.13 ± 13.92 EF | 175.06 ± 16.91 de | 199.67 ± 11.80 DF | 18.13 ± 10.36 HI | 18.80 ± 4.64 gI | 11.46 ± 10.13 GH |
TI | LTI | STI | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G1 (Acute) | G2 (Chronic) | G3 (Control) | G1 (Acute) | G2 (Chronic) | G3 (Control) | G1 (Acute) | G2 (Chronic) | G3 (Control) |
10.548 ± 2.525 BC | 9.900 ± 1.886 AC | 6.966 ± 0.972 ab | 7.658 ± 1.622 DF | 7.232 ± 0.823 EF | 6.125 ± 0.609 dc | 5.754 ± 1.730 GI | 5.415 ± 1.853 HI | 2.329 ± 0.698 GI |
SDNN | rMSSD | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
G1 (Acute) | G2 (Chronic) | G3 (Control) | G1 (Acute) | G2 (Chronic) | G3 (Control) |
191.90 ± 78.069 Ac | 70.5 ± 46.869 ab | 286.86 ± 59.87 BC | 157.900 ± 82.447 Df | 45.600 ± 37.757 de | 243.533 ± 74.607 EF |
SDANN | pNN50 | ||||
G1 (Acute) | G2 (Chronic) | G3 (Control) | G1 (Acute) | G2 (Chronic) | G3 (Control) |
129.8 ± 61.984 GI | 49.4 ± 29.75 gH | 166.200 ± 25.25 hI | 45.021 ± 21.512 JL | 10.425 ± 12.673 jk | 61.972 ± 12.065 KL |
HF | LF | LF/HF | VLF | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G1 (Acute) | G2 (Chronic) | G3 (Control) | G1 (Acute) | G2 (Chronic) | G3 (Control) | G1 (Acute) | G3 (Control) | G2 (Chronic) | G1 (Acute) | G2 (Chronic) | G3 (Control) |
3112.60 ± 2151.86 BC | 176.65 ± 211.747 AB | 12,648.51 ± 9293.92 aC | 1624.85± 961.72 DE | 181.90 ± 144.98 dF | 3228.90 ± 4395.43 EF | 1.10 ± 0.86 GI | 0.21 ± 0.20 gh | 2.82 ± 4.45 HI | 1910.85 ± 1720.41 JL | 261 ± 259.11 jk | 7467.59 ± 10,495.73 KL |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Latini, C.D.; Alfonso, A.; Filippi, M.G.; Lima, M.d.C.F.; Paes, A.C.; Corrêa, J.V.; Santos, B.A.; Tsunemi, M.H.; Lourenço, M.L.G. Study of the Arrhythmogenic Profile in Dogs with Acute and Chronic Monocytic Ehrlichiosis. Life 2025, 15, 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030490
Latini CD, Alfonso A, Filippi MG, Lima MdCF, Paes AC, Corrêa JV, Santos BA, Tsunemi MH, Lourenço MLG. Study of the Arrhythmogenic Profile in Dogs with Acute and Chronic Monocytic Ehrlichiosis. Life. 2025; 15(3):490. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030490
Chicago/Turabian StyleLatini, Carolina Dragone, Angélica Alfonso, Maurício Gianfrancesco Filippi, Mayra de Castro Ferreira Lima, Antônio Carlos Paes, Jaqueline Valença Corrêa, Beatriz Almeida Santos, Miriam Harumi Tsunemi, and Maria Lucia Gomes Lourenço. 2025. "Study of the Arrhythmogenic Profile in Dogs with Acute and Chronic Monocytic Ehrlichiosis" Life 15, no. 3: 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030490
APA StyleLatini, C. D., Alfonso, A., Filippi, M. G., Lima, M. d. C. F., Paes, A. C., Corrêa, J. V., Santos, B. A., Tsunemi, M. H., & Lourenço, M. L. G. (2025). Study of the Arrhythmogenic Profile in Dogs with Acute and Chronic Monocytic Ehrlichiosis. Life, 15(3), 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030490