Antimicrobial Properties of Compounds Isolated from Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. and L.M. Perry and Medicinal Plants Used in French Polynesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Ethnopharmacological Survey
2.2. Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Plant Methanolic Extracts
2.3. Antimicrobial Tests of Methanolic Extract from Syzygium malaccense and Curcuma longa
2.4. Structural Identification
2.4.1. Compound 1: Ginkgolic Acid (C15:0)
2.4.2. Compound 2: Ginkgolic Acid (C15:1, ω5)
2.4.3. Compound 3: Ginkgolic acid (C17:0)
2.4.4. Compound 4: Ginkgolic Acid (C17:1, ω5)
2.4.5. Compound 5: Ginkgolic Acid (C17:3; ω3, ω6, ω9)
2.4.6. Compound 6: Ginkgolic Acid (C17:2; ω6, ω9)
2.4.7. Compound 7: Ginkgolic Acid (C19:1; ω5)
2.5. Antimicrobical Activity of Compounds 1 to 7
2.6. Synergistic Effects of Plant Extracts
2.7. Structure–Activity Relationships
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Ethnopharmacological Survey
4.2. Antimicrobial Activity
4.2.1. Plant Material and Preparation of Extract
4.2.2. MIC and FIC Index Measures
4.2.3. MIC Determination of Isolated Compounds and Standard Molecules Using a Broth Microdilution Method
4.3. Cytotoxic Activity of Crude Plant Extracts
4.4. Bioautography and Isolation of Aliphatic-Salicylic Acids from Syzygium malaccense
4.4.1. Bioautography
4.4.2. Purification of Salicylic Acids Derivatives
4.5. Identification of Salicylic Acids Derivatives
4.5.1. Spectrometric Analysis
4.5.2. Thiomethylation
4.5.3. Compound Spectroscopic Data
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Latin Name “Vernacular Name” (Botanical Family) (Number of Citation) | Health Problem Category (Part Used; Mode of Administration) |
---|---|
Adenostemma viscosum J.R.Forst. & G. Forst. “vaianu” (Asteraceae) (5) | Pneumo. (l.; Po), Uterus (l.; Po), Cystitis (l.; Po), V. Cutaneous symptoms (w.p.; Po), V. diseases (l.; Po and Cat), Wound, Abscess (l.; Po) |
Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. “ti’a’iri” (Euphorbiaceae) (9) | Aphta (bk.; Po), Cystitis (bk.; Po), Furunculous, Pustule (alm.; Bath), STD (bk.; Po), Oral mycosis (bk.; Garg and Po), Tonsillitis (bk. Garg or Po and Cat.), Wound, Abscess (bk.; Po) |
Calophyllum inophyllum L. “tamanu” (Calophyllaceae) (8) | Cicatrising (alm. (oil); Cat), Cystitis (bk.; Po), Mycosis (l.; Bath), V. Cutaneous symptoms (l.; Bath), Wound, Abscess (alm. (oil); Cat) (bk.; Po) |
Cenchrus echinatus L. “piripiri” (Poaceae) (7) | Furunculous, Pustule (a.p.; Po), Leucorrhoea (a.p.; Po), Sinusitis, Rhinitis (a.p.; Fumigation), Wound, Abscess (a.p.; Cat) |
Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv. “’ofe’ofe” (Poaceae) (7) | Furunculous, Pustule (a.p.; Po), V. diseases (a.p.; Po and Cat), Wound, Abscess (a.p.; Cat) |
Citrus× aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle “taporo” (Rutaceae) (13) | Pneumo. (f. juice or l.; Po), Uterus, (f. juice; Po), Cystitis (f. juice or l.; Po), Diarrhoea (f. juice; Po or Po and Cat.), STD (f. juice; Po), Heartburn (f. juice; Po), Leucorrhoea (f. juice or l.; Po), Oral mycosis (f. juice; Po), Tonsillitis (f. juice; Po), V. Cutaneous symptoms (f. juice; Cat), Vulvitis (f. juice; Po), Wound, Abscess (f. juice; Cat) |
Commelina diffusa Burm.f. “ma’a pape” (Commelinaceae) (6) | Wound, Abscess (l. and st.; Cat) |
Cordia subcordata Lam. “tou” (Boraginaceae) (12) | Acne (l.; ND), Pneumo. (bk. or l.; Po), Conjunctivitis (l.; In eye), Cystitis (bk. or l.; Po), Furunculous, Pustule (bk.; Po), STD (l.; Po), Leucorrhoea (bk.; Po), Oral mycosis (bk. orl.; Po), Sinusitis, Rhinitis (l.; Po), V. Cutaneous symptoms (l.; Cat), Wound, Abscess (bk.; Po) |
Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A.Chev. “‘auti” (Asparagaceae) (5) | Diarrhoea (b.; Po) (l.; Po and Cat), Heartburn (l.; Po), Otitis (b.; Cat), V. Cutaneous symptoms (b.; Cat) |
Curcuma longa L. “re’a ma’a” (Zingiberaceae) (15) | Pneumo. (rh.; Po), Uterus (rh.; Po), Cystitis (rh.; Po, genital bath), Furunculous, Pustule (rh.; Po), STD (rh.; Po genital bath) Oral mycosis (rh.; Po), Vaginal Mycosis (rh.; Po and Bath), V. Cutaneous symptoms (rh.; Po), Vulvitis (rh.; Po) |
Davallia solida (G. Forst.) Sw. var. solida “titi” (Davalliaceae) (9) | “Crumpled lung” (rh.; Po), Pneumo. (Frond or rh.; Po), Cystitis (rh.; Po), Heartburn (rh.; Po), Leucorrhoea (rh.;Po), Tonsillitis (rh.; Po), V. Cutaneous symptoms (rh.; Cat) |
Fagraea berteroana A.Gray ex Benth. “pua” (Gentianaceae) (6) | Itching, Allergy (fl.; Bath) |
Ficus prolixa G.Forst. “ ‘ora” (Moraceae) Ind. (6) | Pneumo. (a.r.; Po), STD (a.r.; Po), Ringworm (l.; Bath), Tonsillitis (a.r. Garg), V. disease (a.r.; Po and Cat) |
Ficus tinctoria G.Forst. subsp. tinctoria “mati” (Moraceae) (5) | Acne (l.f.; ND), Uterus (l.f.; Po), Cystitis (l.f.; Po), Furunculous, Pustule (l.f.; Po), Oral mycosis (l.f.; Po) |
Hibiscus tiliaceus L. subsp. tiliaceus “purau” (Malvaceae) (5) | Eye irritation (r.; In eye), V. Cutaneous symptoms (bk. Bath), Wound; Abscess (fl.; Bath) |
Mangifera indica L. “vi popa’a” (Anacardiaceae) (5) | Pneumo. (f.; Po), Furunculous, Pustule (f.; Po and Cat), Tonsillitis (f.; Garg and Po), Wound, Abscess (f.; Po and Cat) |
Microsorum grossum (Langsd. & Fisch.) S.B.Andrews “metuapua’a” (Polypodiaceae) (10) | “Crumpled lung” (rh.; Po), Pneumo. (rh.; Po), Cystitis (rh.; Po), Diarrhoea (Frond: Po), Furunculous, Pustule (rh.; Po), Heartburn (rh.; Po), Leucorrhoea (rh.; Po), Tonsillitis (rh.; Po), V. Cutaneous symptoms (rh.; Cat) |
Musa troglodytarum L. “fe’i” (Musaceae) (5) | V. Cutaneous symptoms (f.;Cat), Wound; Abscess (b.; Cat) |
Musa× paradisiaca L. “mei’a hamoa” or “mei’a rio” (Musaceae) (5) | Wound, Abscess (b. or f.; Cat) |
Pandanus tectorius Parkinson var. tectorius “fara” (Pandanaceae) (5) | Oral mycosis (a.r.; Po) |
Paspalum vaginatum Sw. “matie tatahi” (Poaceae) Ind. (8) | Aqueous pustule (a.p.; Cat), Pneumo. (a.p.; Po), Furunculous, Pustule (a.p.; Po), V. Cutaneous symptoms (a.p.; Bath), V. Diseases (a.p.; Po and Cat) |
Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. “moemoe” (Phyllanthaceae) (10) | Furunculous, Pustule (w.p.; Bath), Otitis (l.; In ear) (w.p. Cat), V. Cutaneous symptoms (r.; Cat) |
Psidium guajava L. “tuvava” (Myrtaceae) (6) | Pneumo. (l.; Po), Cystitis (l.; Po) STD (l.; Po), Otitis (f.; In ear) |
Rorippa sarmentosa (Sol. ex G.Forst. ex DC.) J.F.Macbr. “moahau’a’ino” (Brassicaceae) (11) | Pneumo. (w.p.; Po), Uterus (l.; Po), Cicatrasing (w.p.; Cat), Constipation (w.p.; Po), Cystitis (r. or w.p.; Po), Furunculous, Pustule (w.p.; Cat), Heartburn (l.; Po), Oral mycosis (l. Garg and Po) (r.; Po), Purge (w.p.; Po), Tonsillitis (l. or w.p.; Garg and Po or Po) (r.; Garg) |
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels “pistas” (Myrtaceae) (5) | Mycosis (bk.; Cat), V. Cutaneous symptoms (bk.; Cat) |
Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry “ ‘ahi’a” (Myrtaceae) (12) | Pneumo. (l.; Po), Uterus (l.; Po), Cystitis (bk. or l.; Po), Furunculous, Pustule (bk. or l.; Po), STD (l.; Po), Oral mycosis (l.; Garg or Po), Tonsillitis (l.; Garg and Po), Vaginal Mycosis (l.; Po and Bath), Vulvitis (l.; Po) |
Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Corrêa “miro” (Malvaceae) (9) | Pneumo. (Latex of f.; Po), Conjunctivitis (alm.; Po), Cystitis (bk.; Po), Furunculous, Pustule (alm.; Po) (Latex of f.; Bath), Leucorrhoea (bk. or l.; Po), Mycosis (bk.; Bath), Varicella (Latex of f.; Bath), Wound, Abscess (bk.; Po) |
Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl “piri’ate” (Linderniaceae) (6) | Pneumo. (a.p.; Po), Uterus (a.p. or l. Po), Constipation (a.p.; Po), Cystitis (l.; Po), Heartburn (l.; Po), Sinusitis, Rhinitis (l.; Po), V. diseases (a.p.; Po and Cat) |
Usnea spp. “remu ha’ari” (Parmeliaceae, lichen) (5) | “Crumpled lung” (w.p.; Po), Pneumo. (w.p.; Po), Constipation (w.p.; Po), Cystitis (Lichen; Po) |
Vigna marina (Burm.) Merr. “pipi” (Fabaceae) (5) | Burn (l.; Bath), Diarrhoea (l.; Po) |
Malvaceae | Myrtaceae | Calophyllaceae | Boraginaceae | Anacardiaceae | Parmeliaceae | Euphorbiaceae | Pandanaceae | Polypodiaceae | Linderniaceae | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hibiscus tiliaceus | Thespesia populnea | Syzygium cumini | Psidium guajava | Calophyllum inophyllum | Cordia subcordata | Mangifera indica | Usnea spp. | Aleurites moluccanus | Pandanus tectorius var. tectorius | Microsorum grossum | Torenia crustacea | ||||||
Microorganisms Tested | Bark | Bark | Leaf | Bark | Leaf | Bark | Leaf | Bark | Leaf | Lichen | Bark | Aerial Roots | Rhizome | Aerial Part | |||
Yeast | Candida albicans | 10286 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.15 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 1.2 | - | 1.2 | - | 0.15 | |
Gram + | Enterococcus faecalis | C159-6 | - | 0.3 | - | - | 0.6 | 0.6 | - | 1.2 | - | 0.6 | - | - | - | - | |
Enterococcus sp. | 8153 | - | 0.3 | - | - | - | 1.2 | - | - | - | 0.6 | - | - | - | - | ||
Staphylococcus aureus | 8146 | - | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.15 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.6 | - | - | - | - | ||
Staphylococcus aureus | 8241 | - | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.07 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.6 | - | - | 1.2 | - | ||
Staphylococcus aureus | ATCC 6538 | 0.6 | 0.15 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.07 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.6 | - | 1.2 | 1.2 | - | ||
Staphylococcus aureus | T28-1 | - | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.07 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.6 | - | - | 1.2 | - | ||
Staphylococcus aureus | T17-4 | - | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.07 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.6 | - | 1.2 | 1.2 | - | ||
Staphylococcus epidermidis | T46A1 | 0.6 | 0.15 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.15 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.6 | - | 1.2 | 0.6 | ||
Staphylococcus epidermidis | T19A1 | 0.6 | 0.15 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.15 | 0.6 | 0.15 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | - | 1.2 | 0.6 | ||
Staphylococcus epidermidis | T21A5 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.15 | 0.6 | 0.15 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.2 | - | 1.2 | 0.6 | ||
Staphylococcus warneri | T12A12 | 1.2 | 0.6 | - | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 | - | 0.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | - | - | 1.2 | - | ||
Staphylococcus warneri | T26A1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | - | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 | - | 0.3 | 0.6 | - | 1.2 | - | 1.2 | - | ||
Staphylococcus pettenkoferi | T47.A6 | 1.2 | 0.3 | - | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.6 | - | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 1.2 | - | 1.2 | - | ||
Streptococcus agalactiae | T38.2 | - | 0.15 | 1.2 | - | 0.6 | 0.15 | 0.6 | - | 1.2 | 0.6 | - | 1.2 | - | 0.3 | ||
Streptococcus agalactiae | T53C9 | - | 0.15 | 1.2 | - | 0.6 | 0.15 | 0.6 | 0.6 | - | 0.6 | - | 1.2 | - | 0.6 | ||
Corynebacterium striatum | T40A3 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.15 | 0.3 | 0.15 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 1.2 | - | 0.6 | - | ||
Gram − | Citrobacter freundii | 11041 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Citrobacter freundii | 10268 | 1.2 | 1.2 | - | 0.6 | - | - | - | 1.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Proteus mirabilis | 11060 | - | - | - | 0.6 | - | - | - | 1.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Proteus mirabilis | T28-3 | - | - | - | 0.6 | - | - | - | 1.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 8131 | - | - | - | 0.6 | 0.6 | - | - | 1.2 | - | 1.2 | 1.2 | - | - | - | ||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ATCC 27583 | 0.6 | 1.2 | - | 0.15 | 0.6 | - | - | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.6 | - | - | 0.6 | ||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 8129 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | - | 0.6 |
Tested Microorganisms | Syzygium malaccense, MIC (mg/mL) | Curcuma longa, MIC (mg/mL) | FIC Index | Effect | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yeast | Candida albicans | 10286 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 1.3 | Indifferent |
Gram + | Enterococcus faecalis | C159-6 | 1.2 | 0.15 | 0.9 | Additive |
Staphylococcus aureus | 8146 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.8 | Additive | |
Staphylococcus aureus | 8241 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.8 | Additive | |
Staphylococcus aureus | ATCC 6538 | - | 0.3 | 0.7 | Additive | |
Staphylococcus aureus | T28-1 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.7 | Additive | |
Staphylococcus aureus | T17-4 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.9 | Additive | |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | T46A1 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 1.1 | Indifferent | |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | T19A1 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 1.3 | Indifferent | |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | T21A5 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 1.2 | Indifferent | |
Staphylococcus warneri | T12A12 | 0.6 | 0.15 | 1.9 | Indifferent | |
Staphylococcus warneri | T26A1 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.5 | Indifferent | |
Staphylococcus pettenkoferi | T47.A6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.5 | Indifferent | |
Streptococcus agalactiae | T53C9 | 1.2 | 0.15 | 1.3 | Indifferent | |
Corynebacterium striatum | T40A3 | 0.6 | 0.15 | 0.9 | Additive | |
Streptococcus pyogenes | 16138 | 0.3 | - | - | - | |
Streptococcus pyogenes | 19140 | 0.15 | - | - | - | |
Gram − | Proteus mirabilis | 11060 | 1.2 | - | - | - |
Proteus mirabilis | T28-3 | 0.6 | - | - | - | |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 8131 | 1.2 | - | - | - | |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ATCC 27583 | 0.15 | - | - | - | |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 8129 | 0.15 | 0.6 | 0.5 | Synergic |
Comp | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C (H) | ||||||||
1 | 110.5 | 110.7 | 110.5 | 110.7 | 110.7 | 110.7 | 110.5 | |
2 | 163.8 | 163.8 | 163.8 | 163.5 | 163.5 | 163.5 | 163.5 | |
3 | 116.4 (6.89, d:8.4 Hz) | 116.4 (6.89, d:8.4 Hz) | 116.4 (6.89, d:8.2 Hz) | 115.7 (6.89, d:8.4 Hz) | 115.7 (6.88, d:8.4 Hz) | 115.7 (6.88, d:8.2 Hz) | 115.8 (6.90, d:7.7 Hz) | |
4 | 135.4 (7.38, d:7.3 Hz) | 135.4 (7.38, dd:7.3, 8.4 Hz) | 135.4 (7.38, dd:7.5, 8.2 Hz) | 135.4 (7.38, dd:7.8, 8.4 Hz) | 135.0 (7.38, dd:7.8, 8.4 Hz) | 135.0 (7.38, dd:7.8, 8.2 Hz) | 135.4 (7.39, dd:7.7, 8.0 Hz) | |
5 | 122.8 (6.80, d:7.3 Hz) | 122.8 (6.80, d:7.3 Hz) | 122.8 (6.80, d:7.5 Hz) | 122.8 (6.80, d:7.8 Hz) | 122.8 (6.79, d:7.8 Hz) | 122.8 (6.79, d:7.8 Hz) | 122.7 (6.81, d:8.0 Hz) | |
6 | 148.0 | 148.0 | 148.0 | 147.5 | 147.5 | 147.5 | 147.8 | |
1′ | 36.2 (3.00, t:6.9 Hz) | 36.2 (3.00, t:6.4 Hz) | 36.2 (3.00, t:6.7 Hz) | 36.5 (3.00, t:6.4 Hz) | 36.5 (3.00, t:6.4 Hz) | 36.5 (3.00, t:7.8 Hz) | 36.5 (3.0, m) | |
2′ | 31.9 (1.60, m) | 31.9 (1.60, m) | 31.9 (1.60, m) | 31.9 (1.60, m) | 32.3 (1.60, m) | 31.5 (1.60, m) | 31.9 (1.63, m) | |
3′–6′ | 29.0–29.7 (1.20–1.40, m) | 29.0–29.7 (1.20–1.40, m) | 29.0–29.7 (1.20–1.40, m) | 29.0–29.8 (1.20–1.40, m) | 29.3–29.7 (1.20–1.40, m) | 29.0–29.7 (1.20–1.40, m) | 29.3–29.8 (1.20–1.40, m) | |
7′ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 27.3 (2.09, m) | 27.2 (2.07, m) | “ | |
8′ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 127.2–132.5 (5.38, m) | 127.9–130.2 (5.38, m) | “ | |
9′ | “ | 27.3 (2.03, m) | “ | “ | 127.2–132.5 (5.38, m) | 127.9–130.2 (5.38, m) | “ | |
10′ | “ | 130.3 (5.38, m) | “ | “ | 25.5 (2.82, m) | 25.5 (2.82, t:6.7) | “ | |
11′ | “ | 130.3 (5.38, m) | “ | 27.2 (2.09, m) | 127.2–132.5 (5.38, m) | 127.9–130.2 (5.38, m) | “ | |
12′ | “ | 27.2 (2.03, m) | “ | 129.9 (5.36, m) | 127.2–132.5 (5.38, m) | 127.9–130.2 (5.38, m) | “ | |
13′ | 32.2 (1.20–1.40, m) | 32.2 (1.20–1.40, m) | “ | 129.9 (5.36, m) | 25.6 (2.82, m) | 27.2 (2.07, m) | 27.9 (2.04, m) | |
14′ | 22.7 (1.20–1.40, m) | 22.7 (1.20–1.40, m) | “ | 26.9 (1.20–1.40, m) | 127.2–132.5 (5.38, m) | 29.0-29.7 (1.20–1.40, m) | 129.8 (5.38, m) | |
15′ | 14.4 (0.90, t:6.9 Hz) | 14.4 (0.91, t:7.6 Hz) | 32.2 (1.20–1.40, m) | 32.3 (1.20–1.40, m) | 127.2-132.5 (5.38, m) | 32.3 (1.20–1.40, m) | 129.8 (5.38, m) | |
16′ | - | - | 22.7 (1.20–1.40, m) | 22.6 (1.20–1.40, m) | 20.6 (2.09, m) | 22.6 (1.20–1.40, m) | 27.7 (2.04, m) | |
17′ | - | - | 14.1 (0.90, t:6.9 Hz) | 14.0 (0.90, t:6.9 Hz) | 14.7 (0.99, t:7.6) | 14.3 (0.89, t:6.7 Hz) | 32.0 (1.20–1.40, m) | |
18′ | - | - | - | - | - | - | 22.3 (1.20–1.40, m) | |
19′ | - | - | - | - | - | - | 14.0 (0.93, t:6.8 Hz) | |
COOH | 175.0 | 175.7 | 175.0 | 175.7 | 175.7 | 175.7 | 176.4 |
MIC (µg/mL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Compounds | Aliphatic Chain | Staphylococcus aureus | Streptococcus pyogenes | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
1 | C15:0 | 75.0 | 9.37 | 150 |
2 | C15:1, ω5 | 18.75 | 9.37 | 150 |
3 | C17:0 | 37.5 | 18.75 | 150 |
4 | C17:1, ω5 | 18.75 | 9.37 | 150 |
5 | C17:3, ω3; ω6; ω9 | 18.75 | 2.34 | 150 |
6 | C17:2, ω6; ω9 | 18.75 | 4.68 | 150 |
7 | C19:1, ω5 | 18.75 | 9.37 | 150 |
Gentamycin | 0.5 | 0.125 | 0.03 | |
Vancomycin | 1.0 | 0.25 | NA | |
Amoxicillin | 4.0 | 0.03 | NA |
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Quenon, C.; Hennebelle, T.; Butaud, J.-F.; Ho, R.; Samaillie, J.; Neut, C.; Lehartel, T.; Rivière, C.; Siah, A.; Bonneau, N.; et al. Antimicrobial Properties of Compounds Isolated from Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. and L.M. Perry and Medicinal Plants Used in French Polynesia. Life 2022, 12, 733. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12050733
Quenon C, Hennebelle T, Butaud J-F, Ho R, Samaillie J, Neut C, Lehartel T, Rivière C, Siah A, Bonneau N, et al. Antimicrobial Properties of Compounds Isolated from Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. and L.M. Perry and Medicinal Plants Used in French Polynesia. Life. 2022; 12(5):733. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12050733
Chicago/Turabian StyleQuenon, Camille, Thierry Hennebelle, Jean-François Butaud, Raimana Ho, Jennifer Samaillie, Christel Neut, Tamatoa Lehartel, Céline Rivière, Ali Siah, Natacha Bonneau, and et al. 2022. "Antimicrobial Properties of Compounds Isolated from Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. and L.M. Perry and Medicinal Plants Used in French Polynesia" Life 12, no. 5: 733. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12050733