Caucasian Blueberry: Comparative Study of Phenolic Compounds and Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Potential of Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium arctostaphylos Leaves
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material and Chemicals
2.2. Plant Extract Preparation
2.3. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Photodiode Array Detection and Electrospray Ionization Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometric Detection (HPLC–PDA–ESI–QQQ–MS)
2.4. Neuroprotective Activity
2.4.1. Animals
2.4.2. Brain Ischemia Model
2.4.3. Study Design
2.4.4. Cerebral Blood Flow Evaluation
2.4.5. Biomaterial Sampling and Preparation
2.4.6. Evaluation of Necrosis Zone
2.5. Antioxidant Potential
2.5.1. Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) Evaluation
2.5.2. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity
2.5.3. Succinate Dehydrogenase (SDH) Activity
2.5.4. Cytochrome-C-Oxidase (COX) Activity
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Phenolic Compounds of V. myrtillus and V. arctostaphylos Leaves
3.2. Neuroprotective Activity of V. myrtillus and V. arctostaphylos Leaf Extracts
3.3. Antioixdant Potential of V. myrtillus and V. arctostaphylos Leaf Extracts
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | Regression Equation a | r2 | SYX | LOD/LOQ (µg/mL) | Linear Range (µg/mL) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | b × 106 | |||||
4-O-Caffeoylquinic acid | 0.162 | −0.011 | 0.9973 | 1.83 × 10−2 | 0.37/1.12 | 2–100 |
5-O-Caffeoylquinic acid | 0.150 | −0.010 | 0.9982 | 1.67 × 10−2 | 0.36/1.11 | 2–100 |
Caffeic acid | 0.189 | −0.017 | 0.9988 | 1.26 × 10−2 | 0.22/0.67 | 1–100 |
Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) | 0.085 | −0.062 | 0.9873 | 3.89 × 10−2 | 1.51/4.57 | 5–100 |
Quercetin 3-O-galactoside (hyperoside) | 0.090 | −0.052 | 0.9891 | 3.52 × 10−2 | 1.29/3.91 | 4–100 |
Quercetin 3-O-glucoside (isoquercitrin) | 0.098 | −0.053 | 0.9889 | 3.37 × 10−2 | 1.14/3.43 | 4–100 |
Quercetin 3-O-arabinopyranoside (guaiaverin) | 0.121 | −0.031 | 0.9953 | 2.59 × 10−2 | 0.70/2.14 | 3–100 |
Quercetin 3-O-arabinofuranoside (avicularin) | 0.114 | −0.026 | 0.9927 | 2.80 × 10−2 | 0.81/2.46 | 3–100 |
Quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (quercitrin) | 0.109 | −0.043 | 0.9912 | 3.16 × 10−2 | 0.96/2.90 | 3–100 |
Quercetin 3-O-(6″-acetyl)-glucoside | 0.095 | −0.050 | 0.9880 | 3.28 × 10−2 | 1.14/3.45 | 4–100 |
4,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid | 0.163 | −0.016 | 0.9975 | 1.93 × 10−2 | 0.39/1.18 | 2–100 |
No | t, min | Compound * | UV, λmax, nm | ESI-MS, [M − H]−, m/z | MS/MS, m/z |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3.49 | 4-O-Caffeoylquinic acid | 322 | 353 | [353]: 191, 179, 173, 135 |
2 | 5.51 | 5-O-Caffeoylquinic acid | 322 | 353 | [353]: 191, 179, 165 |
3 | 6.20 | Caffeic acid | 320 | 179 | [179]: 135 |
4 | 10.26 | Quercetin 3-O-galactoside (hyperoside) | 255, 267, 355 | 463 | [463]: 301 |
5 | 10.83 | Quercetin 3-O-glucoside (isoquercitrin) | 255, 267, 356 | 463 | [463]: 301 |
6 | 12.72 | Quercetin 3-O-arabinopyranoside (guaiaverin) | 255, 267, 354 | 433 | [433]: 301 |
7 | 13.38 | Quercetin 3-O-arabinofuranoside (avicularin) | 255, 267, 354 | 433 | [433]: 301 |
8 | 13.91 | Quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (quercitrin) | 255, 267, 352 | 447 | [447]: 301 |
9 | 14.58 | 3,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid | 322 | 515 | [515]: 353, 191, 179, 173 |
10 | 9.80 | Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) | 255, 267, 355 | 609 | [609]: 463, 301 |
11 | 15.14 | Quercetin 3-O-(6″-acetyl)-glucoside | 256, 268, 351 | 505 | [505]: 463, 301 |
Compound | V. myrtillus | V. arctostaphylos |
---|---|---|
4-O-Caffeoylquinic acid | <0.01 | 8.01 ± 0.14 |
5-O-Caffeoylquinic acid | 226.85 ± 5.21 | 105.32 ± 2.41 |
Caffeic acid | <0.01 | 4.29 ± 0.08 |
Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) | <0.01 | 1.46 ± 0.03 |
Quercetin 3-O-galactoside (hyperoside) | 4.69 ± 0.09 | 3.99 ± 0.06 |
Quercetin 3-O-glucoside (isoquercitrin) | 12.02 ± 0.24 | 2.38 ± 0.05 |
Quercetin 3-O-arabinopyranoside (guaiaverin) | 1.34 ± 0.02 | 1.29 ± 0.02 |
Quercetin 3-O-arabinofuranoside (avicularin) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (quercitrin) | 2.77 ± 0.05 | 1.23 ± 0.02 |
Quercetin 3-O-(6″-acetyl)-glucoside | <0.01 | 0.70 ± 0.01 |
4,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Experimental Group | SOD, U/Protein mg | COX, U/Protein mg | SDH, U/Protein mg | TBARS, µM/Protein mg |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sham-operated animals | 300.5 ± 7.1(29) | 4.3 ± 0.0(47) | 2.7 ± 0.062 | 2.4 ± 0.124 |
Negative control group | 125.6 ± 9.5(41) # | 2.1 ± 0.0(14) # | 1.1 ± 0.097 # | 9.8 ± 0.663 # |
EGB761 reference group | 190.5 ± 11.2(84) * | 2.5 ± 0.1(17) * | 1.6 ± 0.018 * | 5.2 ± 0.541 * |
V. myrtillus group | 181.0 ± 10.9(37) * | 2.6 ± 0.0(37) * | 1.5 ± 0.09 * | 4.4 ± 0.364 * |
V. arctostaphylos group | 221.5 ± 10.2(32) * | 3.0 ± 0.0(58) * Δα | 2.1 ± 0.071 * Δα | 3.5 ± 0.193 * |
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Shamilov, A.A.; Olennikov, D.N.; Pozdnyakov, D.I.; Bubenchikova, V.N.; Garsiya, E.R.; Larskii, M.V. Caucasian Blueberry: Comparative Study of Phenolic Compounds and Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Potential of Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium arctostaphylos Leaves. Life 2022, 12, 2079. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12122079
Shamilov AA, Olennikov DN, Pozdnyakov DI, Bubenchikova VN, Garsiya ER, Larskii MV. Caucasian Blueberry: Comparative Study of Phenolic Compounds and Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Potential of Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium arctostaphylos Leaves. Life. 2022; 12(12):2079. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12122079
Chicago/Turabian StyleShamilov, Arnold A., Daniil N. Olennikov, Dmitryi I. Pozdnyakov, Valentina N. Bubenchikova, Ekaterina R. Garsiya, and Mikhail V. Larskii. 2022. "Caucasian Blueberry: Comparative Study of Phenolic Compounds and Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Potential of Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium arctostaphylos Leaves" Life 12, no. 12: 2079. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12122079