VCAM-1 Is Upregulated in Uranium Miners Compared to Other Miners
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patient Recruitment and Biospecimen Collection
2.2. Inclusion Criteria and Mining Status
2.3. Serum Cumulative Inflammatory Potential (SCIP) Assay
2.4. Serum Cytokine Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographics and Baseline Health Metrics
3.2. Continuous Molecular Biomarkers
3.3. Multivariable Models
4. Discussion
4.1. Key Features of These Findings
4.2. Strengths of This Study
4.3. Potential Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All (n = 44) | Non-U Miners (n = 34) | U-Miners (n = 10) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 42 | (95) | 34 | (100) | 8 | (80) |
Female | 2 | (5) | 0 | 0 | 2 | (20) |
Ethnicity | ||||||
White | 11 | (25) | 9 | (26) | 2 | (20) |
Hispanic | 27 | (61) | 19 | (56) | 8 | (80) |
American Indian | 6 | (14) | 6 | (18) | 0 | 0 |
Current Smoker | ||||||
Yes | 5 | (11) | 4 | (12) | 1 | (10) |
No | 39 | (89) | 30 | (88) | 9 | (90) |
Diabetic | ||||||
Yes | 8 | (18) | 4 | (12) | 4 | (40) |
No | 36 | (82) | 30 | (88) | 6 | (60) |
Hypertensive | ||||||
Yes | 16 | (36) | 13 | (38) | 3 | (30) |
No | 28 | (64) | 21 | (62) | 7 | (70) |
High Cholesterol | ||||||
Yes | 10 | (23) | 8 | (24) | 2 | (20) |
No | 34 | (77) | 26 | (76) | 8 | (80) |
Coronary artery disease | ||||||
No | 44 | (100) | 34 | (100) | 10 | (100) |
Statin usage | ||||||
Yes | 7 | (16) | 5 | (15) | 2 | (20) |
No | 28 | (64) | 20 | (59) | 8 | (80) |
Unknown | 9 | (20) | 9 | (26) | 0 | 0 |
HDL Value | ||||||
HDL < 40 | 17 | (39) | 15 | (44) | 2 | (20) |
HDL 40+ | 27 | (61) | 19 | (56) | 8 | (80) |
LDL Value | ||||||
No data | 1 | (2) | 0 | 0 | 1 | (10) |
LDL ≤ 100 | 30 | (68) | 23 | (68) | 7 | (70) |
LDL > 100 | 13 | (30) | 11 | (32) | 2 | (20) |
Triglycerides Value | ||||||
Trig < 150 | 21 | (48) | 16 | (47) | 5 | (50) |
Trig 150+ | 23 | (52) | 18 | (53) | 5 | (50) |
Glucose | ||||||
60–139 gm/dL: normal | 40 | (91) | 30 | (88) | 10 | (100) |
140–199 mg/dL: at risk | 2 | (5) | 2 | (6) | 0 | 0 |
200+ mg/dL | 2 | (5) | 2 | (6) | 0 | 0 |
HbA1c | ||||||
HbA1c ≤ 7 | 38 | (86) | 29 | (85) | 9 | (90) |
HbA1c > 7 | 6 | (14) | 5 | (15) | 1 | (10) |
Body Mass Index | ||||||
BMI < 25 | 6 | (14) | 4 | (12) | 2 | (20) |
BMI ≥ 25 | 38 | (86) | 30 | (88) | 8 | (80) |
Non-U Miners | U-Miners | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Std | Mean | Std | p-Value a | |
Age | 55.9 | 16.2 | 66.9 | 6.2 | 0.04 |
Pack-years | 7.5 | 11.3 | 24.3 | 16.7 | <0.01 |
Years of mining exposure | 20.0 | 13.9 | 16.8 | 13.6 | 0.63 |
Years of uranium exposure | 0 | 0 | 4.4 | 3.9 | N/A |
BMI | 32.1 | 6.8 | 27.5 | 4.3 | 0.07 |
Systolic Blood Pressure | 131.6 | 18.1 | 133.4 | 18.2 | 0.68 |
Diastolic Blood Pressure | 80.7 | 7.7 | 84.0 | 6.6 | 0.15 |
Mean Arterial Pressure, mm Hg | 97.7 | 10.3 | 100.4 | 10.3 | 0.43 |
Cholesterol Value | 161.5 | 35.6 | 151.3 | 39.0 | 0.50 |
HDL Value | 41.6 | 9.4 | 48.3 | 14.4 | 0.10 |
LDL Value | 86.7 | 35.6 | 77.8 | 39.2 | 0.54 |
Triglycerides Value: | 190.6 | 116.3 | 182.3 | 133.0 | 0.57 |
HbA1c | 6.4 | 2.0 | 6.0 | 1.0 | 0.99 |
Glucose | 111.4 | 67.3 | 101.9 | 18.3 | 0.57 |
Insulin | 29.3 | 31.3 | 35.9 | 64.3 | 0.54 |
Non-U Miners | U-Miners | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Std | Mean | Std | p-Value a | |
CRP (ng/mL) | 3085 | 3287 | 6428 | 7002 | 0.14 |
SAA(ng/mL) | 2606 | 3234 | 11193 | 22179 | 0.049 |
soluble ICAM-1 (ng/mL) | 359.9 | 93.3 | 449.2 | 128.0 | 0.04 |
soluble VCAM-1 (ng/mL) | 377.9 | 115.1 | 540.3 | 246.6 | 0.03 |
IFN-γ (pg/mL) | 6.91 | 4.36 | 8.74 | 3.79 | 0.11 |
IL-10 (pg/mL) | 0.31 | 0.12 | 0.34 | 0.15 | 0.61 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 2.30 | 3.00 | 3.30 | 4.20 | 0.42 |
IL-8 (pg/mL) | 19.80 | 8.67 | 31.14 | 15.27 | 0.01 |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 4.10 | 1.17 | 4.57 | 0.82 | 0.30 |
SCIP assay-CCL-2 mRNA expression | 1.00 | 0.51 | 1.21 | 0.62 | 0.27 |
SCIP assay-VCAM-1 mRNA expression | 1.00 | 0.68 | 1.75 | 0.68 | <0.01 |
SCIP assay- ICAM-1 mRNA expression | 1.00 | 0.22 | 1.04 | 0.15 | 0.39 |
U-Miner Coefficient | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inflammation Biomarker | Model Covariates | U-Mining β Coefficient Estimate | Standard Error | p-Value | Model Adjusted R-Squared | ∆AICC |
VCAM-1 mRNA (SCIP assay) | U-mining+age | 0.33 | 0.14 | 0.015 | 0.26 | 0.43 |
U-mining+diabetes | 0.39 | 0.15 | 0.007 | 0.17 | 5.56 | |
U-mining+hdl | 0.36 | 0.14 | 0.010 | 0.23 | 2.13 | |
U-mining+pack years | 0.39 | 0.16 | 0.016 | 0.15 | 6.27 | |
U-mining+age+hdl | 0.29 | 0.14 | 0.034 | 0.29 | 0.00 | |
U-mining+age+systolic blood pressure | 0.34 | 0.14 | 0.014 | 0.24 | 2.85 | |
U-mining+diabetes+hdl | 0.24 | 0.14 | 0.088 | 0.28 | 0.69 | |
SAA (ng/mL) | U-mining+systolic blood pressure | 0.91 | 0.38 | 0.016 | 0.15 | 0.00 |
U-mining+mean arterial pressure | 0.87 | 0.38 | 0.022 | 0.13 | 0.77 | |
U-mining+pack years | 1.21 | 0.43 | 0.005 | 0.13 | 1.33 | |
U-mining+pack years+hdl | 1.21 | 0.44 | 0.012 | 0.11 | 3.33 | |
U-mining+pack years+systolic blood pressure | 1.20 | 0.17 | 0.004 | 0.17 | 0.45 | |
VCAM-1 (ng/mL) | U-mining+age | 0.29 | 0.12 | 0.014 | 0.13 | 2.89 |
U-mining+pack years | 0.29 | 0.13 | 0.026 | 0.13 | 3.11 | |
U-mining+hba1c | 0.33 | 0.11 | 0.003 | 0.18 | 0.70 | |
U-mining+statin usage | 0.26 | 0.11 | 0.021 | 0.19 | 0.00 | |
U-mining+statin usage+ hba1c | 0.28 | 0.11 | 0.010 | 0.22 | 0.04 | |
IL-8 (pg/mL) | U-mining+diastolic blood pressure | 0.40 | 0.15 | 0.008 | 0.15 | 2.04 |
U-mining+mean arterial pressure | 0.41 | 0.15 | 0.006 | 0.14 | 2.10 | |
U-mining+cholesterol | 0.40 | 0.14 | 0.005 | 0.19 | 0.00 | |
U-mining+cholesterol+diastolic blood pressure | 0.37 | 0.15 | 0.011 | 0.18 | 1.97 |
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Ass’ad, N.A.; Shore, X.; Myers, O.; Camacho, A.R.; Jacquez, Q.; Pollard, C.; Cook, L.S.; Leng, S.; Page, K.; Sood, A.; et al. VCAM-1 Is Upregulated in Uranium Miners Compared to Other Miners. Life 2021, 11, 1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11111223
Ass’ad NA, Shore X, Myers O, Camacho AR, Jacquez Q, Pollard C, Cook LS, Leng S, Page K, Sood A, et al. VCAM-1 Is Upregulated in Uranium Miners Compared to Other Miners. Life. 2021; 11(11):1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11111223
Chicago/Turabian StyleAss’ad, Nour A., Xin Shore, Orrin Myers, Alexandra R. Camacho, Quiteria Jacquez, Charles Pollard, Linda S. Cook, Shuguang Leng, Kimberly Page, Akshay Sood, and et al. 2021. "VCAM-1 Is Upregulated in Uranium Miners Compared to Other Miners" Life 11, no. 11: 1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11111223