High Risk for Attention-Deficit Hyperactive Disorder in Children with Strabismus: A Nationwide Cohort Study from the National Health Insurance Research Database
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total | Strabismus Group | Esotropia | Exotropia | Non-Strabismus Group | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 44330 | n = 2049 | n = 404 | n = 1645 | n = 8196 | ||
Age, no. (%) | ||||||
≤7 | 3197 (31.2) | 650 (31.7) | 233 (57.7) | 417 (25.3) | 2547 (31.1) | 0.7168 |
7– ≤ 12 | 4180 (40.8) | 820 (40.0) | 100 (24.8) | 720 (43.8) | 3360 (41.0) | |
12– ≤ 18 | 2868 (28.0) | 579 (28.3) | 71 (17.6) | 508 (30.9) | 2289 (27.9) | |
Mean (SD) | 9.2 (4.2) | 9.2 (4.2) | 6.9 (4.7) | 9.8 (3.8) | 9.2 (4.2) | 0.9987 |
Female | 5440 (53.1) | 1088 (53.1) | 219 (54.2) | 869 (52.8) | 4352 (53.1) | 1.0000 |
Duration of follow-up (year) | ||||||
Mean (SD) | 6.5 (2.9) | 6.5 (2.9) | 7.2 (3.0) | 6.4 (2.9) | 6.5 (2.9) | 0.7877 |
Median (interquartile range) | 6.9 (4.4, 9.1) | 6.9 (4.3, 9.1) | 8.1 (5.1, 9.8) | 6.7 (4.2, 8.9) | 6.9 (4.4, 9.1) | |
Comorbiditities **, no. (%) | ||||||
Autism spectrum disorder | 7 (0.1) | 7 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 6 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | <0.0001 |
Tourette syndrome (Tics) | 3 (0.0) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.0) | 0.1040 |
oppositional defiant disorder | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
depression | 4 (0.0) | 3 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.0) | 0.0272 |
Delayed development | 48 (0.5) | 37 (1.8) | 12 (3.0) | 25 (1.5) | 11 (0.1) | <0.0001 |
Intellectual disability | 10 (0.1) | 7 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 6 (0.4) | 3 (0.0) | 0.0009 |
Stuttering | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | |
Obsessive compulsive disorder | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 0.6171 |
Conduct disorder | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | |
Encopresis | 6 (0.1) | 4 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.2) | 2 (0.0) | 0.0043 |
Feeding and eating disorder | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Prematurity, low birth weight | 7 (0.1) | 6 (0.3) | 2 (0.5) | 4 (0.2) | 1 (0.0) | 0.0004 |
Perinatal infection | 5 (0.0) | 5 (0.2) | 5 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0003 |
Fetal and newborn respiratory condition | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.2000 |
Birth condition | 2 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.0) | 0.3600 |
Birth trauma | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 1.0000 |
Intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.2000 |
Lower respiratory tract infection | 1846 (18.0) | 597 (29.1) | 159 (39.4) | 438 (26.6) | 1249 (15.2) | <0.0001 |
Paralysis | 29 (0.3) | 26 (1.3) | 4 (1.0) | 22 (1.3) | 3 (0.0) | <0.0001 |
Headaches | 74 (0.7) | 40 (2.0) | 8 (2.0) | 32 (1.9) | 34 (0.4) | <0.0001 |
Epilepsy | 28 (0.3) | 16 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 16 (1.0) | 12 (0.1) | <0.0001 |
Rheumatic disease | 2 (0.0) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0400 |
Chronic pulmonary disease | 376 (3.7) | 112 (5.5) | 23 (5.7) | 89 (5.4) | 264 (3.2) | <0.0001 |
asthma | 289 (2.8) | 90 (4.4) | 18 (4.5) | 72 (4.4) | 199 (2.4) | <0.0001 |
allergic rhinitis | 606 (5.9) | 245 (12.0) | 49 (12.1) | 196 (11.9) | 361 (4.4) | <0.0001 |
allergic conjunctivitis | 191 (1.9) | 91 (4.4) | 8 (2.0) | 83 (5.0) | 100 (1.2) | <0.0001 |
Deficiency anemias | 6 (0.1) | 4 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.2) | 2 (0.0) | 0.0169 |
ADHD Events | PY | Incidence † | Hazard Ratio (95% C.I.) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude | Adjusted | ||||
Comparison group | 173 | 53615 | 3.23 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
All patients | 72 | 13370 | 5.39 | 1.67 (1.27, 2.20) ** | 1.64 (1.23, 2.17) ** |
Patients with ET | 29 | 2920 | 9.93 | 3.14 (2.12, 4.65) ** | 2.04 (1.36, 3.06) ** |
Patients with XT | 43 | 10450 | 4.11 | 1.27 (0.91, 1.77) | 1.44 (1.03, 2.03) * |
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Tsai, C.-Y.; Su, C.-C.; Liu, Y.-L.; Tsai, I.-J.; Tsai, T.-H. High Risk for Attention-Deficit Hyperactive Disorder in Children with Strabismus: A Nationwide Cohort Study from the National Health Insurance Research Database. Life 2021, 11, 1139. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11111139
Tsai C-Y, Su C-C, Liu Y-L, Tsai I-J, Tsai T-H. High Risk for Attention-Deficit Hyperactive Disorder in Children with Strabismus: A Nationwide Cohort Study from the National Health Insurance Research Database. Life. 2021; 11(11):1139. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11111139
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsai, Chia-Ying, Chien-Chia Su, Yao-Lin Liu, I-Ju Tsai, and Tzu-Hsun Tsai. 2021. "High Risk for Attention-Deficit Hyperactive Disorder in Children with Strabismus: A Nationwide Cohort Study from the National Health Insurance Research Database" Life 11, no. 11: 1139. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11111139