Health-Related Quality of Life and Frailty in Chronic Liver Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Patients and Methods
2.1. Patients
2.2. Questionnaire
2.3. Our Study
2.4. Statistical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Patient Baseline Data
3.2. Scores of the Eight Scales of the SF-36, the PCS, and the MCS Relative to the Frailty Status
3.3. Subgroup Analysis 1: Scores of the Eight Scales of the SF-36 Relative to the Frailty Status in LC Patients
3.4. Subgroup Analysis 2: Scores of the Eight Scales of the SF-36 Relative to the Frailty Status in Non-LC Patients
3.5. Subgroup Analysis 3: Scores of the Eight Scales of the SF-36 Relative to the Frailty Status in Male Patients
3.6. Subgroup Analysis 4: Scores of the Eight Scales of the SF-36 Relative to the Frailty Status in Female Patients
3.7. Univariate and Multivariate Analysis of Factors Linked to Frailty
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviation
Hr-QOL | health-related quality of life |
CLDs | chronic liver diseases |
SF-36 | 36-item Short-Form Health Survey |
LC | liver cirrhosis |
BW | body weight |
GS | grip strength |
WS | walking speed |
CHS | Cardiovascular Health Study |
PCS | physical component summary score |
MCS | mental component summary score |
IQR | interquartile range |
ALBI | albumin-bilirubin |
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Variables | All Cases (n = 341) |
---|---|
Age (years) | 66 (55, 72) |
Gender, male/female | 164/177 |
Liver disease etiology HCV-related/HBV-related/HBV- and HCV-related/NBNC-related | 174/61/7/99 |
Presence of frailty, yes/no | 46/295 |
Presence of LC, yes/no | 122/219 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.7 (20.5, 25.65) |
Walking speed (m/s) | 1.303 (1.1005, 1.4445) |
Grip strength (kg), male | 33.3 (27.925, 38.925) |
Grip strength (kg), female | 20.8 (17.6, 24.45) |
Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) |
Serum albumin (g/dL) | 4.3 (4.0, 4.5) |
ALBI score | −2.9 (−3.12, −2.6) |
ALBI grade, 1/2/3 | 256/78/7 |
Prothrombin time (%) | 91.2 (80.55, 99.05) |
Platelet count (×104/mm3) | 17.5 (12.6, 22.0) |
AST (IU/L) | 25 (19, 34) |
ALT (IU/L) | 19 (14, 33) |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 181 (151.25, 213) |
HbA1c (NGSP) | 5.7 (5.4, 6.1) |
Scales of SF-36 | |
Physical functioning | 90 (80, 95) |
Role physical | 100 (75, 100) |
Bodily pain | 74 (52, 100) |
General health perception | 55 (45, 71) |
Vitality | 68.8 (56.2, 81.3) |
Social functioning | 100 (75, 100) |
Role emotion | 100 (75, 100) |
Mental health | 80 (65, 90) |
Physical component summary score | 51.1 (41.2, 54.3) |
Mental component summary score | 53.6 (46.0, 59.2) |
Variables | Univariate Analysis p-Value | Multivariate Analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Estimates | SE | p-Value | ||
Age (years) | 0.0002 | −0.0499 | 0.020 | 0.0126 |
Gender | 0.5292 | |||
Presence of LC | <0.0001 | −0.484 | 0.265 | 0.0685 |
Body mass index | 0.3701 | |||
Total bilirubin | 0.9042 | |||
Serum albumin | <0.0001 | 0.259 | 0.413 | 0.5308 |
Prothrombin time | 0.2037 | |||
Platelet count | 0.0543 | |||
AST | 0.0992 | |||
ALT | 0.6717 | |||
Total cholesterol | 0.0815 | |||
HbA1c (NGSP) | 0.1741 | |||
Physical functioning | <0.0001 | 0.0434 | 0.0125 | 0.0005 |
Role physical | <0.0001 | 0.00769 | 0.0102 | 0.4531 |
Bodily pain | <0.0001 | −0.000804 | 0.0095 | 0.9327 |
General health perception | <0.0001 | 0.00357 | 0.0139 | 0.7976 |
Vitality | <0.0001 | 0.0349 | 0.0155 | 0.0246 |
Social functioning | <0.0001 | −0.0169 | 0.0117 | 0.1481 |
Role emotion | <0.0001 | 0.0158 | 0.0106 | 0.1384 |
Mental health | <0.0001 | −0.00394 | 0.0146 | 0.7877 |
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Share and Cite
Nishikawa, H.; Yoh, K.; Enomoto, H.; Iwata, Y.; Sakai, Y.; Kishino, K.; Shimono, Y.; Ikeda, N.; Takashima, T.; Aizawa, N.; et al. Health-Related Quality of Life and Frailty in Chronic Liver Diseases. Life 2020, 10, 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/life10050076
Nishikawa H, Yoh K, Enomoto H, Iwata Y, Sakai Y, Kishino K, Shimono Y, Ikeda N, Takashima T, Aizawa N, et al. Health-Related Quality of Life and Frailty in Chronic Liver Diseases. Life. 2020; 10(5):76. https://doi.org/10.3390/life10050076
Chicago/Turabian StyleNishikawa, Hiroki, Kazunori Yoh, Hirayuki Enomoto, Yoshinori Iwata, Yoshiyuki Sakai, Kyohei Kishino, Yoshihiro Shimono, Naoto Ikeda, Tomoyuki Takashima, Nobuhiro Aizawa, and et al. 2020. "Health-Related Quality of Life and Frailty in Chronic Liver Diseases" Life 10, no. 5: 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/life10050076