Gear Crack Detection Based on Vibration Analysis Techniques and Statistical Process Control Charts (SPCC)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Modeling of the Transmission System
2.1. Dynamic Modeling of a Spiral Bevel Gear System (SBGS)
- The transmission system operates under stationary conditions;
- Linear springs are used to represent the stiffness generated by the gears meshing;
- The frictional force effect that occurs while meshing is disregarded;
- Any effects of errors in assembly and manufacturing are neglected;
- There is no consideration for any transmission errors;
- Due to the low rotational speed, the Coriolis force was neglected;
- Damping is considered Rayleigh damping.
2.2. Equation of Motion of the System
2.3. Modeling of Gear Mesh Stiffness
3. The Proposed Methodology for the Gear Fault Detection
- Data acquisition: the initial simulated vibration signals are obtained from the dynamic model described in Section 2. Next, as a first step, a noise-add simulation of the initial signals is performed using noise contrast and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to simulate work conditions for raw signals as in real practice;
- Data processing: Vibration analysis methods, including both time domain analysis and frequency domain analysis, are used for vibration signals after they are divided into segments as short-time signals. Firstly, the time-domain signal is analyzed to detect periodic pulse and calculate the standard deviation (STD) feature as a fault-sensitive statistical feature and then used to design and test the SPCC. Secondly, the vibration signal is analyzed in the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis to identify meshing frequency ( and sidebands ( that are associated with different crack levels.
- The design stage of statistical process control charts (SPCC): Univariate statistical control charts are designed, each of the Shewhart X-bar chart and the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) chart, depending on the standard deviation (STD) feature under healthy gear system conditions and the establishment of upper control limits (UCL) and lower control limits (LCL) for the SPCC;
- The test stage for statistical process control charts (SPCC): In this step, Shewhart X-bar and EWMA control charts are tested using the same UCL and LCL as in the healthy status charts to detect different levels of the crack defect in the root tooth of the pinion.
3.1. Noise Simulation of Raw Signals
3.2. The Vibration Analysis Methods
3.2.1. Time Domain Analysis Method
3.2.2. Frequency Domain Analysis Method
3.3. Statistical Process Control Charts (SPCC)
3.3.1. The Shewhart X-Bar Control Chart Principle
3.3.2. Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Control Chart Principle
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Numerical Simulation of Dynamic Behaviour
4.2. Vibration Analysis Methods Results
4.2.1. Time-Domain Analysis Method
4.2.2. Frequency-Domain Analysis Method
4.3. Designing Control Charts Results
4.4. Testing Control Charts Results
4.4.1. The Crack of Level 1 (1% Loss in Mesh Stiffness)
4.4.2. The Crack of Level 2 (5% Loss in Mesh Stiffness)
4.4.3. The Crack of Level 3 (10% Loss in Mesh Stiffness)
5. Conclusions
- Gaussian noise was added for initial acceleration vibration signals using different ratios of noise variance of 0.001, 0.002, and 0.003, respectively, to simulate them in real life. Then, the suitable noise level was chosen based on the highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR);
- Vibration analysis methods, both time-domain and frequency-domain techniques, were applied to process signals and identify failing components. Time domain analysis of short-time signals revealed no failure components, such as a periodic pulse, as an indicator of the onset of crack occurrence and deterioration of its propagation levels. In contrast, one of the time domain features, the standard deviation (STD) feature, was extracted and calculated as a fault-sensitive statistical feature to be used in designing and testing an SPCC approach;
- 3.
- Shewhart X-bar and EWMA univariate statistical control charts were designed using a time domain feature known as standard deviation (STD). Listed below are the outcomes that the SPCC was able to achieve;
- The control chart results of the simulated vibration acceleration signals showed a strong relationship between the increase in the control chart limits (UCL, LCL) and the repeated reduction increase in time-varying meshing stiffness (TVMS)at 1%,5%, and 10% for crack detection;
- The EWMA chart’s performance proved superior to vibration analysis techniques in quickly detecting all levels of crack through a clear visual vision by increasing the number of STD feature samples outside the control chart limits;
- The EWMA chart showed better results than the X-bar chart. In two ways: firstly, the EWMA chart detected all small crack levels early stage, as evidenced by sequencing the number of STD feature samples outside the upper control limits (UCL), and secondly, the EWMA chart did not record any Type I or Type II errors;
- Furthermore, the advantage of the SPCC approach is that it is implemented using only system health status data, which are appropriate and applicable, especially in cases where there is a lack of defective status data. On the contrary, the main disadvantage of SPCC is that they can detect damage without locating it;
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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( | ||
( | ( | |
( | ||
Pinion | Gear | |
---|---|---|
Number of teeth Z | 14 | 45 |
Module (m) | 0.0095 | |
Teeth width(m) | 0.064 | |
Pitch angle (rad) | 0.302 | 1.269 |
Pressure angle ( | 20° | |
Spiral teeth angle (rad) | 0.480 | |
Pitch radius(m) | 0.067 | 0.215 |
Mass (kg) | 24.7 | 122.6 |
Shaft rotation speed (Hz) | 22 | 6.84 |
Inertia moment of a torsional (Kg.m2) | 0.0585 | 1.91 |
Inertia moment of a bending (kg·m2) | 0.501 | 2.07 |
Axial stiffness (N/m) | 1 × 109 | 2.3 × 109 |
Lateral stiffness (N/m) | 8.8 × 109 | 1.3 × 1010 |
Torsional stiffness (Nm/rad) | 1.2 × 104 | 7.4 × 104 |
Bending shaft & bearing stiffness (Nm/rad) | 3.1 × 107 | 9.8 × 107 |
Maximum mesh stiffness value (Nm/rad) | 2.641 × 107 | |
Minimum mesh stiffness value (Nm/rad) | 1.671 × 107 | |
Mean mesh stiffness (N/m) | 2.156 × 107 | |
The damping coefficient of mesh | 0.06 | |
The damping coefficient | 0.02 |
SNR Ratios for Signals | |||
---|---|---|---|
SNR for signal healthy | 11.8163 | 8.7586 | 6.9950 |
SNR for signal with crack level 1 | 11.8142 | 8.7812 | 7.0354 |
SNR for signal with crack level 2 | 11.8769 | 8.8540 | 7.1109 |
SNR for signal with crack level 3 | 12.0840 | 9.0398 | 7.3239 |
Number of Out-of-Control Samples | X-Bar Chart | EWMA Chart |
---|---|---|
The number of STD samples that are out of control for a crack level 1. | Type-II error | 1 sample |
The number of STD samples that are out of control for a crack level 2. | 1 sample | 11 samples |
The number of STD samples that are out of control for a crack level 3. | 4 samples | 15 samples |
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Jorani, R.M.; Haddar, M.; Chaari, F.; Haddar, M. Gear Crack Detection Based on Vibration Analysis Techniques and Statistical Process Control Charts (SPCC). Machines 2023, 11, 312. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11020312
Jorani RM, Haddar M, Chaari F, Haddar M. Gear Crack Detection Based on Vibration Analysis Techniques and Statistical Process Control Charts (SPCC). Machines. 2023; 11(2):312. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11020312
Chicago/Turabian StyleJorani, Rasheed Majeed, Maroua Haddar, Fakher Chaari, and Mohamed Haddar. 2023. "Gear Crack Detection Based on Vibration Analysis Techniques and Statistical Process Control Charts (SPCC)" Machines 11, no. 2: 312. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11020312
APA StyleJorani, R. M., Haddar, M., Chaari, F., & Haddar, M. (2023). Gear Crack Detection Based on Vibration Analysis Techniques and Statistical Process Control Charts (SPCC). Machines, 11(2), 312. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11020312