Abstract
The current study attempts to identify a new generalized metric space structure, referred to as partial modular metric, that extends both partial modular metric space via metric space and explains the topological aspects of the new space implementing examples. In addition, a new contraction mapping referred to as modified interpolative almost type contraction is determined, which is an interpretation of interpolative contraction bestowed with almost contraction and contraction as well as a simulation function and a fixed point theorem that encompass such mappings in the context of partial modular metric space is demonstrated. In conclusion, an example and an application that endorse the main theorem’s outcomes are offered.
MSC:
47H10; 454H25; 46A80
1. Introduction
Fixed point theory in metric structure provides a broad occasion for researchers. The most notable outcome of this theory is Banach contraction maps, which were pioneered by S. Banach [1] and have undergone several generalizations and expansions.
The metric function and the metric space structure are effective due to obtaining different generalized distance functions by adding new features to this function, changing some of the metric ones, or both. Numerous experts have achieved new topological structures and brought them to the literature. One of the most basic generalizations of metric space obtained with a general triangle inequality regarding a constant greater or equal than one is the metric function, which was acquainted by primarily Bakhtin [2] in 1989 and then, mainly, by Czerwik [3,4] in 1993 and 1998.
In 1994, Matthews [5] offered up a partial metric space structure with an aspect of the self-distance of each point in space that may not be zero. Furthermore, this space has various application areas and allows researchers to study in both subsections of mathematics as well as many other fields, such as computer domain and semantics. Mustafa et al. [6] established a new generalized distance function called partial metric in 2013 by integrating the ideas of partial metric and the metric function. Subsequently, in 2014, Shukla [7] modified the concept of partial metric by changing the first definition’s last assumption.
Any distance function’s physical meaning is fundamentally understandable and easily described. However, in this regard, the idea of modular metric, which Chistyakov [8] suggested in 2010, has a distinct appeal from metric one, and numerous useful discoveries connected to this function have been produced since this year. Following that, the concept of modular metric has been expanded to the notion of modular metric claimed by Ege and Alaca [9] in 2018.
In addition, Hosseinzadeh and Parvaneh [10] developed an innovative generalized metric function entitled partial modular metric space and provided some new insights on this space, considering modular metric and partial metric functions. However, to remove inconsistency in non-zero self-distance and triangular inequality, Das et al. [11] modified the notion of partial modular metric in 2022.
As a result, more general metric function structures exist in addition to the above structures.
Throughout the research, the symbol represents the set of all positive natural numbers, whereas represents the set of all non-negative real numbers.
2. Preliminaries
In this section, we provide reminders of some fundamental concepts and characteristics that will be useful in the outcome of our work.
Definition 1.
Let be a function on a non-empty set and be a real valued constant. Thereupon, for all , we listed the below circumstances:
- ⇔;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
Taking the above axioms into consideration, we conclude that
- the axioms are satisfied ⇒ρ is a partial metric function w.r.t. [5].
- the axioms are satisfied ⇒ρ is a partial metric function w.r.t. [6].
- the axioms are satisfied ⇒ρ is a partial metric function w.r.t. [7].
Chistyakov [8] identified the modular metric function as the one below.
Definition 2
([8]). Let be a function defined by on a non-empty set . If, for all , the circumstances
- , ⇔;
- , ;
- ,
are fulfilled, then the function ω is called modular metric.
If we consider the below axiom with a constant instead of , then we achieve that ω is a modular metric acquainted by Ege and Alaca [9]:
- , .
Further, it seems that the modular metric space and modular metric space coincide in case of , and the sets
are mentioned as an modular metric space (around ).
Furthermore, for additional details, see [12,13,14,15].
Definition 3
([10]). Let be a function defined by on a non-empty set . For all , if the conditions
- ⇔, ;
- , ;
- , ;
- ,
are provided, then the function ϖ is termed a partial modular metric.
Subsequently, the notation of the partial modular metric function was redefined by Das et al. [11] in 2022 by considering the below conditions instead of the and of Definition 3:
- and ⇔, .
- , .
We utilize the definition of partial modular metric as defined by Das et al. [11] throughout the study.
On the other hand, researchers have used some auxiliary functions to achieve more diverse results in fixed point theory. In this context, we use the new control functions identified by Khojasteh et al. [16] entitled simulation functions, as noted below.
Definition 4
([16]). A function is a simulation function provided that the subsequent requirements are met:
- ,
- for all ,
- if , are sequences in such that
In the sequel, indicates the collection of all simulation functions. Further, from , it follows that for all .
Definition 5
([16]). A mapping is referred to as -contraction on a metric space , according to if the inequality
is fulfilled, for all
Furthermore, choosing as for all , the prominent contraction, entitled Banach contraction, is attained.
Remark 1
([16]). Presume that is a -contraction. For all , the statement is true, and also, In turn, we deduce that -contraction mapping is contractive, and eventually, continuous.
Moreover, the notation of the simulation function has been generalized in many directions. For some of them, see [17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24].
Let be denoted as the set of all self-mappings on such that , which own non-decreasing properties.
In 2018 and 2022, S. H. Cho [25,26] identified the specification of simulation functions, as stated beneath.
Definition 6
([25,26]). Consider η is a real-valued mapping on , which satisfies the ensuing circumstances.
- ;
- where ;
- for any sequence with
If the requirements are met, η is called an -simulation function. Besides, η is simulation whenever the conditions of hold.
Also, note that
stands for the class of all -simulation functions , and stands for the collection of all simulation functions .
Example 1
([25,26]). The functions that are identified below, belong to .
- where is non-decreasing and lower semi-continuous self-mapping on , that fulfills
- where
Note that if for , then .
Jleli and Samet [27] proposed an intriguing idea termed contraction and verified the subsequent theorem in 2014.
Theorem 1
([27]). The self-mapping on a complete metric space , is referred to as contraction, which means that, a constant exists such that the expression
is provided for each , while is subject to the succeeding circumstances
- is non-decreasing;
- for each sequence , ⇔
- the terms and exist such that
Thereupon, owns a unique fixed point.
Next, Liu [28] added the following new criteria instead of the condition and reproved the same theorem under new conditions.
- is continuous.
Define .
E. Karapınar [29] (also, improved version [30]) recently proposed a new idea indicated as interpolative contraction and derived a fixed point theorem that included interpolative Kannan-type contraction mapping, as stated below:
Theorem 2
([29,30]). A self-mapping , on a complete metric space , meeting the inequality
with constants and , for all , wherein signifies the set of fixed point of , enjoys a unique fixed point.
3. Partial Modular Metric Spaces and Some Topological Characteristics
In this section, the construction of a new structure using a new distance function and the investigation of various topological properties are proposed.
Definition 7.
Consider a non-empty set and a real-valued constant . A map is regarded as a partial modular metric (briefly ) if the subsequent terms are met: for all ,
- and ⇔, ;
- , ;
- , ;
- , .
Then, is a partial modular metric space, which is abbreviated with .
Definition 8.
In addition to the axioms , , and , a on is regarded to be convex if it meets the condition specified below:
- ,
for all and for all .
Definition 9.
Regard be a on a set . For a given , we set up
- , for some and
- .
Then, and are called centered at .
Every partial modular space is undoubtedly a with the parameter , and every modular metric space is a with the same parameter and zero self-distance. However, the contrary of these facts does not have to be accurate.
As a is a partial modular when , the class of is larger than the class of partial modular metric spaces. We illustrate how a on may be neither a partial metric nor a modular metric.
Example 2.
Let and be characterized as
for all and for all . Then, is a on . We currently possess, in fact,
- , for all .
- , for all .
- By considering the inequality , we havethat is to say . Thereupon, we get
is a on with .
Example 3.
Consider and to be regarded as
for all and for all . Then, is a with .
Definition 10.
Let be a and be a sequence in . Then:
- the sequence is termed convergent to if and only if , as . Also, the point x is termed the limit of .
- is termed Cauchy if
- is entitled complete if every Cauchy sequence in is convergent to an element wherein .
- A function is called continuous in if the sequence satisfying as , whenever .
Lemma 1.
Every defines a modular metric ω, where
Proof.
Owing to the fact that is a , fulfills . We shall now demonstrate that the axioms of Definition 2 are met.
- If , from (1), the expression , is attained. Suppose that , , then , which yields that . By , we achieveand similarlyConsequently, we gain , which means that .
- From , we get and , and . Hence, we haveandwhich implies thatNow, considering and the above inequality, we obtain
Accordingly, it appears that the proof is completed. □
Lemma 2.
Consider is a partial modular metric on and is a sequence in .
- is a Cauchy sequence in the if and only if it is an Cauchy sequence in the modular metric space induced by .
- A is complete if and only if the modular metric space induced by is complete. Furthermore,or
- is convergent to if and only if , as .
Proof.
We begin by emphasizing that every Cauchy sequence in the is an Cauchy sequence in modular metric space . Let be a Cauchy sequence in . A point exists such that, for any , there is a natural number fulfilling for all . Thence,
for all . As a result is an Cauchy sequence in .
Subsequently, we attest that completeness of entails completeness of . Indeed, if is a Cauchy sequence in , according to above discussion, is an Cauchy sequence in , too. Due to the fact that modular metric space is complete, we infer that an element y belongs to exists such that . Hence,
which implies
Thereupon, . Further, we attain
Consequently, . Also, from , we achieve
On the other hand, . Letting
From (2) and (3), we obtain ; that is, is a convergent sequence in .
It will be demonstrated that every Cauchy sequence that belongs to is a Cauchy sequence in . Consider . Then, a natural number exists such that for all . Because
which follows
and
Hence, the inequality
indicates that the sequence is bounded in and an element exists such that a subsequence of is convergent to , which means, .
Now, we prove that is a Cauchy sequence in . Since is an Cauchy sequence in , for given , there is a natural number such that for all . Thus, for all , we have and thereby,
Therefore, we achieve .
On the other hand, for all , we have
Hence, and consequently, is a Cauchy sequence in .
Conversely, consider that is an Cauchy sequence in . Then, is a Cauchy sequence belongs to and so it is convergent to a point with
For a given , a natural number exists such that and
Thereupon, we obtain
whenever . Therefore, is complete. Finally, and so,
Furthermore, we have the following statement for all
□
Given that the metric is discontinuous in general, the partial modular metric is not continuous. As a result, the ensuing critical lemma plays a vital role in establishing our key findings.
Lemma 3.
is a with the parameter . Presume that and are convergent to x and y, respectively. The following expression is acquired.
In particular, if , then we have . Moreover, for each , the subsequent expression is met
Also, in case of , we get
Proof.
Considering the statement , we achieve
Since for , we have
which yields
Likewise,
If the lower limit is applied as on both sides of inequality (4), considering and , we acquire
Also, taking the upper limit as in (5), we gain
Since , we achieve the first desired result. If , via the triangle inequality, we procure , and . Therefore, we have since . Moreover, for each , we obtain
such that it follows that
Similarly
Owing to for and taking the upper limit as with , we conclude
Further, since , we achieve the desired result. □
The following outcomes are critical in our future thoughts, and the proofs can be completed with respect to [31,32].
Lemma 4.
Consider is a . Then, a sequence on is Cauchy if . Moreover, is said to be complete if for each Cauchy sequence in , there is , such that
Lemma 5.
If is complete, then it is complete.
Lemma 6.
Consider is a , is a mapping and . If is a sequence in , where and
for each , then the sequence is Cauchy.
4. Some Fixed Point Results in the Context of Partial Modular Metric Spaces
This section puts forward a new contraction mapping termed as modified interpolative almost type contraction, as well as a new fixed point theorem using such mappings within the context of .
Initially, let represent the set of all self-mappings on satisfying the conditions
- is a non-decreasing mapping,
- , for all .
Definition 11.
Consider that is a with a parameter . A mapping is referred to as a modified interpolative almost type contraction if exist with and and also, , and such that
where
for all distinct and for all .
Theorem 3.
Let be a complete with and be a modified interpolative almost type contraction mapping. Then, admits exactly one fixed point.
Proof.
Assume is an initial point and we shall construct by:
If there exists some such that , then becomes a fixed point of . Consequently, we presume that for all . By using (8) and , we obtain
that is,
Because and also given features of the function , the above inequality gives
where
From , we have
Now, we utilize the representation instead of . Thereupon, we conclude that
and so, by using , the inequality (10) becomes
If we assume , then, we deduce that , thereby, from (11), we achieve that
and by simple calculations, we get . Since , this causes a contradiction due to our assumption. Hence, we yield that such that . By (11), we get
which implies that
Denoting by and as , we have with . Thus, by Lemma 6, is a Cauchy sequence on the complete . Owing to Lemma 5, the space is also complete; it entails that exists such that
Thus, , that implements
has a subsequence . Taking with , and into account, the above inequality gives
Thereby, letting and considering (12), we achieve
which implies
Moreover, we presume that , for infinitely many , without losing generality. So, utilizing (8), we have
Likewise, by , we obtain
Owing to and , we procure
Further,
In the above expression, taking the limit as n tends to ∞ by considering (12) and (13), we attain
Thereupon, we obtain . Thus, letting
and
By , we have such that However, this causes a contradiction. Thus, for all , that is to say u is a fixed point of .
As a final case, to obtain the uniqueness of fixed point, we need to accept that another fixed point with exists such that . Utilizing (8), we write
owing to the fact that and are nondecreasing functions, the above expression entails
which causes a contradiction. We gain that u is a unique fixed point of . □
4.1. Consequences
In this subsection, we initially recall the concept of type or contraction, which was put forward by Fulga and Proca [33] in 2017, involving the term
If we select in Theorem 3, then we achieve the ensuing result.
Corollary 1.
Consider that is a complete with and is a mapping. Presume that with , , and exist such that
where
for all distinct and for all . Thereupon, owns a unique fixed point.
If , our results obtained from Theorem 3 are valid in the context of partial modular metric space.
Corollary 2.
Let be a partial modular metric and be a complete partial modular metric space, and be a mapping. Presume that with and , and exist such that
where
for all distinct and for all . Thereupon, owns a unique fixed point.
Proof.
As well as , we consider as for , then, we achieve the desired consequence. □
We procure the subsequent result if we choose in Corollary 2.
Corollary 3.
Let be a partial modular metric and be a complete partial modular metric space. Also, is a mapping. Further, let there exist , and such that
where is defined as (14), for all distinct and for all . Thereupon, owns a unique fixed point.
Following that, we provide some additional corollaries concerning depending on the selection of .
Corollary 4.
Let be a complete with and be a mapping. Presume that and with and and also, , and exist such that
where is defined as (9), for all distinct and for all . Thereupon, owns a unique fixed point.
Proof.
Assume that , that is, with , the proof can be easily obtained. □
Corollary 5.
Let be complete with and be a mapping. Presume that and with and and also, , and exist such that
where
for all distinct and for all . Thereupon, owns a unique fixed point.
Proof.
Considering in the expression of , the proof follows Corollary 4. □
Corollary 6.
Let be a complete with and be a mapping. Presume that with and and also, , and exist such that
where is defined as (9) and ϕ is a non-decreasing and lower semi-continuous self-mapping on , satisfying , for all distinct and for all . Thereupon, owns a unique fixed point.
Proof.
Contemplating the function as , i.e., , the proof follows as in Theorem 3. □
Remark 2.
Corollary (6) can be redefined by considering in the expression . Moreover, as in Corollaries (2) and (3), by taking in Corollaries (4) and (6), various consequences can be achieved in the context of partial modular metric space, too.
Example 4.
Let and consider the partial modular metric by
for all and for all . Bear in mind that is a complete with the parameter
Moreover, let the mapping be verified with . Now, we demonstrate the contractivity conditions of Corollary 1, that is, the conditions
where as defined in (15), the constants and such that , which satisfying the statement , and contemplating the , i.e., with satisfied and for all . In reality, we also yield to maintain the criteria of the Corollary 5. For this, we select as and further, the function by .
Without disregarding the broader case, we believe that .
Thereby, (17) turns into
that is to say that all the terms of Corollary 1 are fulfilled. It is obvious that . On the other hand, if we select the constant k much closer to point 1, then one can achieve a wider interval for the x and y.
4.2. An Application to Homotopy Theory
This section includes an application of homotopy theory that supports the validity of our results.
Theorem 4.
Regard as a complete , and is an open and closed subset of , respectively. Consider to be an operator fulfilling the ensuing terms.
- (a)
- for every and
- (b)
- For all and , we havewhere
- (c)
- is continuous and holds the subsequent inequalityfor all and .
admits a fixed point ⇔ admits a fixed point.
Proof.
Construct the ensuing set
Presume that enjoys a fixed point. Then, is non-empty; that is, . It is necessary to verify that in , is both open and closed. Utilizing the connectedness, is met. As a result, enjoys a fixed point in .
The closedness of in shall be indicated. Let with as . The aim is to show that belongs to . Owing to for , with exists. Also, for , we have
Also, from , we obtain
where
Thereby, by using the properties of and and also, contemplating the above, the inequality (19) turns into
In turn, if we combine the last inequality with (18) and consider , we obtain
which implies
By the convergence of with , we attain
This means that is a Cauchy sequence in . Due to the completeness of , exists such that
Moreover,
Similarly, we have
where
Consequently, keeping the properties of and in mind, from (21), we conclude that
and thereupon, by using , the expression (20) becomes
Letting in the above, we obtain and hence
which entails that . Since is provided, we gain . Thus and is closed in
To obtain the openness of in regard that . Thence, with exists. Due to the openness of , exists such that in . Considering with and provided that , there exists such that for all because is continuous on Let , for
we obtain
Also, using , we have
where
So, in a similar way, the inequality (23) becomes
and subsequently, considering (22) and the inequality , we achieve
and . Therefore,
for every fixed . Now, Corollary 5 can be applied to derive that enjoys a fixed point in . Owing to (a), this fixed point must belong to . Therefore,
and thus we deduce that is open in □
5. Conclusions
In conclusion, according to the attractiveness of metric, partial metric, and modular metric spaces, we derive a new generalized metric space structure referred to as partial modular metric space, which improves the results of the work of Das et al. [11] and Hosseinzadeh and Parvaneh [10]. Furthermore, we describe certain key topological properties and provide instances to back them up.
On the other hand, in the context of this space, we establish a fixed point theorem based on the concept of interpolative type contraction, which was created by Karapınar [29] and has been a valuable source for researchers working on establishing a more general contraction mapping. In addition, we look at a family of simulation functions that have contraction and almost contraction mappings. There are still vacancies in the sense of for fixed point outcomes. We demonstrate a basic application of homotopy theory. It should be highlighted that the findings of this study can be advanced in various ways.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, A.B. and M.Ö.; Methodology, A.B. and M.Ö.; Formal analysis, D.K., A.B. and M.Ö.; Investigation, D.K., A.B. and M.Ö.; Data curation, A.B.; Writing—original draft, D.K., A.B. and M.Ö.; Writing—review and editing, D.K., A.B. and M.Ö.; Supervision, M.Ö. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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