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Review

Scheelite as a Strategic Tungsten Resource: A Bibliometric Study of Global and Chinese Technology Trends (1999–2024)

by
Zhengbo Gao
1,
Lingxiao Gao
2 and
Jian Cao
2,*
1
School of Marxism, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
2
School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Minerals 2025, 15(11), 1181; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15111181
Submission received: 16 September 2025 / Revised: 20 October 2025 / Accepted: 7 November 2025 / Published: 9 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy)
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Abstract

The global demand for strategic minerals like scheelite is growing rapidly due to technological advancements and emerging industries, making it a key global resource. However, there is a lack of integrated research on utilization technology of scheelite from a global perspective and exploring its future development direction. Bibliometric methods have been widely applied due to their advantages in the analysis of qualitative and quantitative literature information. Based on 1137 publications from the Web of Science Core Collection spanning 1999 to 2024, this study systematically examines the global and Chinese research trajectories and emerging frontiers in scheelite resource utilization technologies. A paradigm shift from fundamental geological and material property studies to green beneficiation, low-carbon metallurgy, and intelligent process optimization has been revealed. Key global research hotspots include flotation separation, surface chemistry regulation, LA-ICP-MS micro-analysis, and photoluminescence properties, whereas China has developed distinctive strengths in complex polymetallic ore separation, leaching kinetics, and tailings valorization. Chinese institutions contribute over 54% of worldwide output, with Central South University leading in publication volume, collaboration networks, and academic impact. Future efforts should prioritize intelligent process control, the efficient separation of complex polymetallic ores, and the high-value recovery of secondary resources.

1. Introduction

Scheelite (CaWO4) is critical to national economic growth and modern defense systems [1,2]. Alongside tungstate (PbWO4) and wolframite (FeWO4, MnWO4), it serves as a primary tungsten source [3,4]. Given the tungsten industry, the progressive depletion of wolframite deposits has markedly enhanced the industrial value of scheelite resources. Consequently, scheelite resources have emerged as a critical strategic resource for the global transition towards advanced manufacturing and clean energy technologies [5,6]. This shift in primary tungsten sources has redirected technical research toward scheelite mining, processing, and metallurgy, serving as a strategic directive to ensure the stability of the tungsten resource supply chain [7,8].
The geological scarcity of tungsten resources, particularly scheelite deposits, combined with the technical challenges of processing low-grade ores and the absence of economically viable substitutes, significantly heightens the fragility of the global supply chain [9,10]. Scheelite mineralization mainly takes place in skarn-type deposits. It forms when magmatic and hydrothermal fluids react with carbonate-rich sequences. These geological conditions essentially restrict the distribution of high-grade resources [11,12]. Moreover, the low grade and metallurgical complexity of wolframite, together with the absence of substitutes, further emphasize tungsten’s irreplaceable role in industrial applications [13,14]. From a geopolitical perspective, China is the dominant player in global tungsten production, accounting for over 81% of the world’s output. This concentration is heightened by various national export control measures and trade restrictions, which in turn increase supply sensitivity. For example, the United States funds domestic scheelite mining through the Defense Production Act, Russia imposed a tungsten export ban on NATO countries in 2023, Australia classified tungsten as a “national security mineral”, restricting foreign ownership under the Critical Minerals Policy of 2022, and the European Union mandated that manufacturers recover 95% of tungsten from end-of-life products through the Critical Raw Materials Act [15,16,17,18]. These policy changes and trade restrictions show that it is urgent to boost scheelite utilization technologies and address global supply chain vulnerabilities.
The technology for utilizing scheelite resources largely determines the global output of both scheelite concentrates and downstream tungsten derivatives. As shown in Figure 1, the integrated resource utilization system, which includes mining, processing, and metallurgical technologies, makes a significant contribution across the entire value chain, from scheelite ore bodies to finished industrial products [19,20,21]. In the mining stage, physical separation methods are used to pre-enrich scheelite deposits with WO3 content exceeding 0.3% by 60–80%. This ensures economically viable extraction and minimizes downstream processing requirements [22,23]. In the processing stage, the aim is to produce high-grade scheelite concentrate. Techniques such as crushing, gravity separation, magnetic separation, and advanced flotation technology with specific collectors are used [24,25]. In the metallurgical stage, the concentrate is transformed into ammonium paratungstate or tungsten metal powder. This is performed through processes such as alkali leaching, solvent extraction, crystallization, and hydrogen reduction [26]. This technological system provides the foundation for manufacturing cemented carbide tools, high-performance alloys, and components for the electronics industry. It also enables a value shift from raw scheelite material at 200–300 USD/t to tungsten trioxide at 300–350 USD/t, and finally to tungsten carbide powder at 35,000–40,000 USD/t. Globally, scheelite utilization has evolved toward zero-waste, low-alkali leaching flowsheets and digital mine-to-metal optimization. China, in particular, has made breakthroughs in green smelting and intelligent manufacturing, achieving the economical utilization of low-grade ores [27,28].
As scheelite resources are increasingly becoming the primary source of tungsten, they have drawn significant attention from researchers. Conducting a systematic review of advancements in scheelite utilization is essential for thoroughly evaluating the technological trajectory and steering improvements in global capacity [29]. While the existing literature reviews the progress in scheelite mining, beneficiation, and hydrometallurgy, there are notable gaps in the macroscopic visualization and comprehensive analysis of research hotspots, evolutionary patterns, and frontier directions within this field [30,31,32].
Bibliometric analysis is a widely used and rigorous method for examining and analyzing large amounts of scientific data. It can effectively retrieve, mine, analyze, and summarize potential patterns in large-scale datasets [33,34,35]. Through mathematical statistics techniques, it analyzes published literature at the macro level. This helps reveal the development and evolution of specific research topics, understand the characteristics, priorities, and trends of the research field, and highlight emerging fields within these research areas [36,37]. Currently, major academic databases like Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) are equipped with research analysis modules. These modules enable scholars to rapidly summarize information such as the number of published papers, citation frequencies, research hotspots, and patterns of collaboration [38,39]. This study presents the first comprehensive bibliometric analysis exclusively dedicated to scheelite resource utilization, incorporating multiple visualization tools—Bibliometrix 4.5.0, CiteSpace 6.4.R1, VOSviewer 1.6.20, and Scimago Graphica Beta 1.0.50—to provide a more integrated and multidimensional understanding of the research landscape [40,41]. This includes major research-conducting countries, institutions, authors, journals, and references. It can also be used to identify key research directions and the evolution of key technologies [42,43]. Hence, the objectives of this survey are threefold: (1) to utilize bibliometric software to visually and comprehensively analyze the keyword clustering, author network, national contributions, journal citations, and literature co-occurrence patterns of 1137 retrieved articles; (2) to conduct a thorough review of mainstream technologies in scheelite development and utilization, emphasizing technical advantages and operational challenges; (3) to forecast new trends and potential breakthroughs in scheelite resource development and utilization technology research.

2. Data Sources and Methods

2.1. Data Source and Retrieval

The Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) is renowned as the most comprehensive database. Although mainly featuring English-language literature and having limited coverage of non-English journals and regional studies, it has achieved a data depth that is unmatched by Scopus, Dimensions, and CNKI by virtue of having the most comprehensive and coherent citation index, providing data for tracking long-term influence and core literature [44]. It encompasses not only basic details, such as titles, authors, institutions, keywords, and countries, but also citation information, and has been extensively utilized in prior bibliometric research. A literature search was conducted with the retrieval date set to 25 August 2025, employing the search string TS = (scheelite mining) OR TS = (scheelite processing) OR TS = (scheelite metallurgy). As the first relevant article in the database was published in 1999, the search period was defined from January 1999 to December 2024 [45,46,47]. No document-type filter was applied; articles, reviews, and proceedings papers were all retained. Duplicate records were identified and removed using the WoSCC database’s built-in tools and manual validation. Further screening based on titles and abstracts ensured only research directly related to the topic was retained [48,49]. Ultimately, 1137 articles were obtained for analysis, as shown in Table S1. For a focused review of Chinese literature, the search was refined by setting “Countries/Regions” to “PEOPLES R CHINA.” This yielded 615 articles after removing duplicates and irrelevant literature. All selected literature was downloaded in the “Full Record and Cited References” format and saved as plain text files to facilitate subsequent bibliometric analysis. The document selection process and framework of this study are illustrated in Figure 2.

2.2. Data Processing and Graphing

This research utilized four analytical tools to systematically process and visualize the massive literature on scheelite resource utilization technology spanning the past 25 years. These tools include: (1) Bibliometrix; (2) VOSviewer; (3) CiteSpace; and (4) Scimago Graphica.
Bibliometrix is an R-based open-source package for extracting descriptive information from the literature, such as total publications, citations, research categories, key authors, countries, and institutions. It also supports multiple correspondence analysis to clarify keyword relationships and clustering, and can conduct topic evolution analysis to visualize research hotspots and trends [50,51]. VOSviewer and CiteSpace are Java-based visualization platforms used for network analysis, knowledge mapping, and bibliometric visualization. They extract key information from the literature, analyze correlations statistically, and create visual maps showing relationships among keywords, authors, countries, and institutions. VOSviewer specializes in building collaborative networks and revealing disciplinary structures and evolutionary patterns through distance-based visualization [52,53]. CiteSpace focuses on identifying emerging trends and research frontiers by analyzing temporal citation network patterns [54,55]. Scimago Graphica is used to visualize the global distribution of publications, offering insights into research trends and patterns across different regions and countries [56,57].
In this study, the Bibliometrix 4.5.0 was used to analyze publication characteristics, national contributions, and thematic evolution in scheelite resource utilization technology. VOSviewer 1.6.20 identified major institutions and their cooperative relationships, and analyzed research progress and hotspots through keyword co-occurrence graphs. CiteSpace 6.4.R1 provided structural and temporal analysis, established various co-citation networks, generated keyword burst detection maps, and analyzed the annual evolution of research hotspots. Scimago Graphica Beta 1.0.50 visualized the global publication distribution and country/region partnership map. These tools together provided strong technical support for understanding the research progress in this field [58,59,60].

3. Results and Discussions

3.1. General Characteristics of Publications

The analysis of publication counts, document types, subject categories, annual distribution, and citation metrics provides a comprehensive view of the field’s productivity, diversity, trajectory, and scholarly impact [61,62,63]. Table S2 presents the summary results of the relevant documents. Over the past 25 years, there has been a positive trend in the number of publications in this field globally, with an average annual growth rate of 2.7%. During this period, 4387 authors collectively contributed 1137 studies, averaging 5.35 authors per study. With single-authored papers making up only 2.02% of the total, the data underscore that academic achievements and literature publications are more often accomplished through teamwork rather than individual efforts [64]. Regarding international collaboration, 23.31% of the research involved joint efforts from researchers of different countries. This indicates that high-level academic output is increasingly dependent on cross-institutional and cross-border collaborative innovation [65,66]. By comparison, China has demonstrated a sustained surge in research enthusiasm in this field. China-based affiliations contributed 54.09% of all indexed publications and supplied 2507 unique authors (57.15% of the global contributor pool); manuscripts with at least one Chinese address averaged 5.97 authors, underscoring a highly collaborative authorship model. These metrics collectively indicate a sustained 10.03% compound annual growth rate that outpaces the worldwide average. Nevertheless, similar to the global situation, single-authored publications make up a low proportion of just 0.33%. Although China’s research output in this field has been on the rise, in terms of citation influence, the global literature’s average citation count is 24.74, compared to China’s 23.15. This indicates that there is still some room for improvement in the international influence of Chinese publications [67,68]. Additionally, China’s international collaboration rate of 18.92% is below the global average of 23.31%, suggesting that China has notable potential for expanding international cooperation [69].
Figure 3A1,A2 presents the annual number of publications and citations per paper in the field of scheelite resource utilization technology, both globally and in China. In the global context, Figure 3A1 illustrates that research development can be categorized into three stages. During Stage I (1999–2009), the annual number of publications was relatively low and grew slowly. Citations per paper showed an overall upward trend with fluctuations, indicating limited research attention and progress. During Stage II (2010–2021), there was a gradual increase in both publications and citations per paper, reflecting gradually increasing academic attention in this field. However, during Stage III (2022–2024), a preliminary slight slowdown was observed in the growth of publications and citations per paper. Similarly, research in China, as shown in Figure 3A2, can be divided into three distinct stages. During Stage I (1999–2007), publications and citations per paper were low and remained almost flat, suggesting the field was in its early developmental stages. During Stage II (2008–2021), publications increased rapidly, with citations per paper rising gradually. During Stage III (2022–2024), the growth in both publications and citations per paper in China also showed signs of moderation based on the first 2–3 years. This trend indicates that even though research activity continues to be substantial, the field might be approaching a stage of adjustment as it becomes more established. Researchers are likely shifting their focus toward tackling more complex and innovative aspects of scheelite resource utilization technology [70,71,72]. But continued monitoring is needed before concluding that the field has entered a mature adjustment phase.
Figure 3B1,B2, respectively, show the distribution of literature types globally and in China. Globally, articles dominate with 1100 pieces, constituting 94.42%. Review articles, conference papers, early publications, and letters make up 3.09%, 1.97%, 0.43%, and 0.09%, respectively. In China, articles account for a higher proportion of 95.67%. Review articles, conference papers, and early accesses constitute 3.05%, 1.12%, and 0.16%, respectively, with no letters present. This shows that both globally and in China, most academic research findings are disseminated through full-length articles, and China has a higher proportion of this type [73,74]. In terms of review articles, conference papers, and early accesses, the global proportions exceed those in China. Thus, while full-length articles remain the primary communication vehicle worldwide, China exhibits an even stronger reliance on this format, with other document types playing a comparatively minor role [75].
As illustrated in Figure 3C1,C2, the top 10 Web of Science categories for global and Chinese research on scheelite resource utilization technology reveal different research focuses. Globally, the leading disciplines are mineralogy (297, 26.12%), mining mineral processing (254, 22.34%), and multidisciplinary materials science (219, 19.26%). In China, the focus is on mineralogy (183, 29.76%) and mineral processing in the mining industry (182, 29.59%); together, these two categories account for almost 60% of the national output, well above the global figures. Notably, in China, the multidisciplinary fields of geology and materials science are tied for third place (120 each, 19.51%), whereas geology ranks fourth globally (173, 15.22%). Comparison shows that the research field distribution in scheelite resource utilization technology between China and the world is highly similar. However, China has a higher proportion of literature in mineralogy and mineral processing than the global average, indicating greater effort in mineral processing technology research [76,77]. In terms of comprehensive materials science, China’s literature proportion is slightly lower than the global proportion, suggesting room for improvement in global materials science research competition. Additionally, applied physics, unique to China’s top ten research fields, is not listed globally, making it one of China’s distinctive research directions [78,79,80].

3.2. Publication Analysis by Journal and Reference

Analyzing the academic research landscape and knowledge foundation of a field can be approached through three key dimensions: journal distribution, co-cited journals, and co-cited references [81]. Journal distribution identifies major publishing platforms and research hotspots. Co-cited journals reveal links and thematic ties among different journals. Co-cited references highlight core literature that shapes the field’s knowledge base [82,83]. Table S3 lists the top 10 journals on scheelite resource utilization technology by publication count. Ore Geology Reviews, a Dutch journal with an IF of 3.2 and an H-index of 27, ranks first with 106 papers (9.33%), averaging 20.37 citations per paper. Minerals Engineering (46 papers, 4.05%) from England and Minerals (39 papers, 3.43%) from Switzerland also rank among the most productive. China’s Acta Petrologica Sinica (33 papers, 2.91%) and the Netherlands’ Hydrometallurgy (30 papers, 2.64%) underscore regional representation. Most of these journals (8/10) are in Q1, with IFs ranging from 1.7 (Acta Petrologica Sinica) to 5.8 (Journal of Alloys and Compounds). Citation metrics and JCR quartile rankings show that high-impact metallurgical and geological journals are key for disseminating scheelite utilization research [84,85,86]. Geographically, European publishers dominate (9 journals), especially from England and the Netherlands, with China contributing one. Despite China’s significant paper output, its journals generally have lower average citations, IFs, and JCR rankings than some international journals, indicating room for improvement in academic influence and recognition [87,88,89].
Figure 4A and Table S4 list the top 10 journals with the most co-citations in the field. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta tops the list with 320 total citations, followed closely by Chemical Geology (306) and Ore Geology Reviews (300). Furthermore, Ore Geology Reviews has the highest centrality of 0.1, indicating its important position in the co-citation network [90]. These journals are from multiple countries, mainly the United States, the Netherlands, Germany, England, and Switzerland, showing the internationalization of research in this field. By comparing Tables S3 and S4, some overlap between the listed journals is observed, but they are not identical. Journals like Minerals and Acta Petrologica Sinica have many publications in Table S3 but rank lower in total citations in Table S4. Conversely, journals such as Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta and Chemical Geology appear in Table S4 but not in Table S3. Although these journals may not have a high volume of publications on scheelite resource utilization technology, they are extensively cited in this research domain. Journals with high publication volumes in Table S3 tend to focus on specific technical applications, such as hydrometallurgy and refractory metals [91,92]. In contrast, some journals with high co-citation counts in Table S4 focus more on fundamental theoretical research, like geochemistry and mineral chemistry [93,94].
Figure 4B and Table S5 showcase the top 10 co-cited references in scheelite resources utilization technology. These highlight key research contributions and focal points in the field. The references, including reviews like “Froth Flotation of Scheelite—A Review” and articles, play a significant role in guiding research directions [95]. Research topics cover essential aspects such as scheelite flotation separation, rare earth element uptake, and trace element composition, representing the current hotspots in scheelite resources utilization technology research [96,97]. The references are mainly from 2015 to 2020, suggesting high recent research activity and rapid development in this field [98,99,100,101]. Six of the references involve Chinese researchers, reflecting China’s active participation and growing influence in this area [102,103,104].
Therefore, global relevant research is mostly found in high-impact metallurgical and geological journals in Europe. The co-cited journals are interdisciplinary and of significant importance. The highly co-cited literature is concentrated in key directions such as the flotation separation of scheelite, indicating that the research is active and developing rapidly. Some Chinese journals have published work in this field, but they lag behind top international journals in citation counts, impact factors, and rankings. The performance of co-cited journals is not outstanding. However, Chinese researchers have a certain proportion of highly co-cited literature and have made outstanding contributions in aspects such as flotation separation. This disparity primarily reflects the substantial academic influence and comprehensive scope of international journals, whereas China still has considerable room to enhance both research investment and the depth of its international collaborations [105,106].

3.3. Publication Analysis by Country, Institution, and Author

3.3.1. Publication Analysis by Country

Figure 5A and Table S6 present the most productive countries and related data in the field of scheelite resource utilization technology. Among them, China’s performance was particularly outstanding, with a total of 614 published papers, ranking first and far exceeding other countries. This indicates considerable research output and academic visibility. Its average citation count is 22.02, the H-index is 57 (the highest value), and the centrality is 0.28, all of which are at relatively high levels. This indicates that Chinese research papers have received considerable recognition in academic circles, and there are a large number of high-quality research results in this field, occupying an important position. This is consistent with the conclusion in Table S5. In addition, countries such as Russia, the United States, Australia, and Canada have also maintained continuous input and output, showing strong performance in terms of average citation counts, H-index, and centrality [107,108,109,110,111]. Although Brazil’s volume is modest, its average of 28.1 citations per paper is the highest in the cohort, reflecting comparatively high impact [112,113]. Regarding the initial year of research activities, most countries began their research outputs between 1999 and 2003, such as China, the United States, and Australia in 1999, while Brazil started later in 2003. This likely reflects the growing attention and development of this research field since the late 20th century [114].
Figure 5B, created by Scimago Graphica, visually presents the collaborative relationships of countries in the field of scheelite resource utilization technology. Each circle represents a country, with its position determined by geographic location and its size reflecting the extent of collaboration. The lines denote partnerships between countries, with thickness indicating the strength of these collaborations [115]. China, Russia, and the United States, represented by the largest nodes, lead in scheelite resource technological research and development cooperation. Node size correlates positively with these three countries’ output in the field. Germany and France form the densest regional sub-network (centrality 0.24,0.26), using it to standardize low-impact flowsheets. Most of their co-authored papers embed life-cycle assessment metrics and cite EU critical raw materials policy, and their patents reference UN SDGs twice as often as the global mean. U.S. partnerships prioritize supply-risk modeling; more than half of federally funded scheelite studies quantify Herfindahl–Hirschman indices or stockpile draw-down scenarios. Russian cooperation, in contrast, focuses on geochronology—about 70% of Russian scheelite articles couple U-Pb dating of skarn deposits with grade-tonnage models. Chinese output, while largest in absolute number, concentrates on processing optimization technologies such as high-efficiency flotation reagents and alkali-pressure leaching [116,117]. Thus, Europe leverages its network to codify green recycling rules, the United States hardens supply-chain resilience, Russia expands the geological knowledge base, and China scales up beneficiation and utilization technologies. Meanwhile, African and South American nodes remain small and sparsely linked, indicating limited engagement in global scheelite research and development [118,119].

3.3.2. Publication Analysis by Institution

Through the visualization graph of the institutional collaboration network and the co-occurrence time dimension of institutions, the cooperative relationships among different institutions, as well as the changing research activity and correlation of institutions over time, can be clearly observed [120,121]. Figure 6A and Table S7 show that Central South University ranked first with 174 publications (15.32%), indicating a significant research output advantage in this field. The Chinese Academy of Sciences and China University of Geosciences followed with 76 (6.69%) and 57 (5.02%) publications, respectively, reflecting their substantial research capabilities. In terms of centrality, Central South University again ranked first with 0.15, followed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (0.13) and China University of Geosciences (0.08), highlighting their influential roles in knowledge dissemination and research cooperation. Other institutions like Nanjing University, with 18 publications (1.58%) and a relatively high centrality ranking (4th), also demonstrate notable research and collaboration activity. The Russian Academy of Sciences, despite having 36 publications (3.17%), ranked lower in centrality (10th) and degree (9th), suggesting limited influence in the cooperation network. The Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, ranking 4th in total publications, showed room for improvement in centrality (5th). Overall, Chinese institutions dominate this research area, reflecting strong national research capacity and investment. Central South University’s leading performance across all metrics implies unique advantages in research direction, team building, and resource allocation [122,123]. The network analysis also indicates that research cooperation is widespread in this field, with institutional collaborations facilitating knowledge exchange, innovation, and accelerating research output and application [124,125].
Figure 6B shows the color changes from 1999 to 2024. Blue nodes mark early actors; yellow nodes indicate recent entrants. By observing the color distribution of the nodes, one can understand the changes in the activity levels and collaboration patterns of the institutions across different time periods [126]. Around 2000, research in this field was primarily led by traditional institutions with profound scientific research backgrounds. Institutions such as the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the University of Otago performed outstandingly [127,128,129]. However, as can be seen from the figure, the cooperative network at that time was relatively simple, with few connections between institutions. Around 2010, as research deepened and expanded, more institutions began to engage in this field. The involvement of institutions like Central South University, the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, and Curtin University has injected new vitality and research directions into this field [130,131,132]. During this period, cooperation among institutions gradually increased and connections became more complex. This reflects that the research network has gradually taken shape and expanded, and communication and cooperation among various institutions have become increasingly frequent. Around 2020, emerging institutions or those with outstanding performances in new research directions began to appear in the graph, such as Jiangxi University of Science and Technology and the Helmholtz Association [133,134,135]. The participation of emerging institutions in the research network and their establishment of connections with other institutions indicate that this field continues to attract new research forces, introducing novel techniques and fostering interdisciplinary integration that keeps the field’s hotspots evolving.

3.3.3. Publication Analysis by Author

Figure 7A,B and Table S8 present the academic output and collaborative influence of scholars in this research field from different perspectives. Among the top ten authors, nine are from China. Specifically, six are from Central South University, one from Xinjiang Institute of Technology, one from Hangzhou Dianzi University, and one from the University of Hong Kong. This indicates that China has a significant academic output advantage in this research field, especially at Central South University, whose research teams dominate in terms of quantity. The first publication years of Chinese authors range from 2004 to 2020. This reflects the continuous active research activities in this field in China, as well as the increasing number of researchers joining in [136,137,138]. Only one author is from another country, namely Longo Elson, from Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos in Brazil. The first publication year was 2003 [139,140]. This indicates that in terms of the total number of published papers, researchers from other countries are relatively few, and China has a distinct quantitative advantage in this field. This is consistent with the data in Table S2. Among the top 10 co-authors, the presence of “Unknown” as the highest co-cited entity (280 co-citations) is possibly attributable to incomplete metadata or unlinked references [141]. In addition, six are from China: three from Central South University, one from the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, one from the University of Science and Technology, and one from the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. This indicates that Chinese authors also have a strong performance in international cooperation and in the influence of research achievements [142,143]. Especially at Central South University, its researchers not only lead in the total number of published papers, but also play a leading role in the citation count of co-authored works. Three are from other countries or regions, including Australia, the United States, Iran, etc. This indicates that in terms of the citation count of co-authored works, the influence of international cooperation and cross-regional research is relatively significant, and researchers from multiple countries have a high level of cooperative influence in this field [144].
Table S9 presents the 10 most highly cited publications in the field. The study by Yu et al. in Advanced Functional Materials ranks first with 861 citations, demonstrating how structural distortion in BiVO4 influences its photocatalytic activity by modifying hole mobility within the Bi 6s/O 2p valence band [145]. Among these top-cited works, the majority (seven publications) are research articles, complemented by two review papers and one hybrid publication classified as both an article and a proceedings paper [146,147,148,149,150,151,152]. This distribution underscores how seminal research articles that establish new scientific directions tend to achieve the highest citation impact. Notably, one review paper also appears among the top 10 co-cited references (Table S5), highlighting how comprehensive review articles that synthesize fundamental knowledge consistently attract significant citations [153,154]. Geographically, these influential publications represent international collaboration across seven countries/regions: Japan, China, the United States/Canada, South Korea, Brazil, Spain, and Germany. While China demonstrates clear dominance in research workforce size and output volume, the most impactful scientific breakthroughs continue to emerge from global research networks [155,156].

3.4. Keyword Analysis and Emerging Trends

3.4.1. Keyword Co-Occurrence Analysis

Keywords are indispensable for distilling the essence of research conclusions [157]. Therefore, to identify research hotspots and developmental trends in scheelite utilization technology, we performed keyword co-occurrence analyses for both global and Chinese corpora (Figure 8). Each node represents a keyword, with node size proportional to its occurrence frequency; links denote co-occurrence relationships, and link thickness reflects co-occurrence intensity. Colors delineate topic clusters, with nodes of the same color being more closely related [158,159].
Comparative evaluation revealed three persistent pillars, shown in Figure 8A1,B1: (i) process fundamentals, where “surface-chemistry”, “selective flotation”, “scheelite” and “apatite” consistently occupy the most central positions; (ii) target commodities, with “tungsten” and its principal carrier “scheelite (CaWO4)” dominating the semantic core; and (iii) an analytical backbone in which “emission”, “nanoparticles” and related spectroscopic descriptors underpin the worldwide shift toward nanoscale and in situ characterization [160,161,162,163,164,165]. Overlay visualizations (Figure 8A2,B2) further confirm a synchronized temporal gradient—from blue (2000) to yellow/red (2020)—that charts the global evolution from classical flotation chemistry to advanced, micro-analytically informed separation science [166,167,168].
Nevertheless, the global and Chinese landscapes diverge in focus and framing, and these divergences are rooted in contrasting resource bases, industrial structures, and policy drivers. Global maps (Figure 8A1,A2) embed tungsten research within a broader multi-metal context, featuring distinct clusters for “cassiterite”, “wolframite”, “gold deposits”, and “granites”, while “oxiodynamics” and “degradation” are diffusely distributed, signaling a sustainability-oriented, multi-commodity agenda without strong geographic anchoring [169,170]. This pattern arises because scheelite is largely recovered as a by-product from polymetallic skarns and orogenic veins (0.2–0.4% WO3), where payable Sn, Au, and Cu credits favor bulk-sulfide flotation and generic reagent suites, sustainability funding further steers research toward reagent recyclability and tailings “oxiodynamics” [171]. In contrast, China-centric maps (Figure 8B1,B2) are geographically explicit and hydrometallurgically intensive. A solvent-extraction cluster, comprising “solvent-extraction”, “fractionation”, “hydroxide”, and “acid”, occupies a dominant position that is largely absent on the global maps. This cluster is tightly coupled with the Yangtze River Valley, Anhui Province, and A-type granites, and is further linked to “pyrite–copper separation” and “nanoparticles” [172,173]. The Chinese network also integrates geochronological tools such as “LA-ICP-MS”, “Sm-Nd”, and “Re-Os” more systematically, underscoring a localized agenda that merges downstream hydrometallurgical refining, polymetallic resource utilization, and precise crustal evolution studies [174]. With high capacity, China must monetize vast tonnages of low-grade (0.1–0.25% WO3) Yangtze River porphyry-skarn ore that lack payable co-product credits, driving a technology shift toward high-efficiency hydrometallurgy (pressure alkali leaching, solvent extraction, continuous ion-exchange) capable of economically treating lean concentrates. National “Double-Carbon” and “Zero-Waste Mine” mandates further tie metal recovery to CO2 auditing, so precise LA-ICP-MS/Sm–Nd/Re–Os fingerprinting is required to certify deep (>1 000 m) extensions and closed-loop flowsheets [175,176].

3.4.2. Timeline View Analysis

The Timeline View of CiteSpace is used to visualize the temporal evolution process of keywords or research topics, helping to identify the dynamic changes in the hotspots of the field research [177,178]. Figure 9A and Table S10 identified nine distinct keyword clusters for global scheelite utilization technology research. The largest cluster (#0 fluid evolution; 136 members, silhouette 0.914) centers on regional ore genesis and geochronology (zircon U–Pb dating, skarn tectonics, fluid inclusions), confirming that classical geochemical investigations remain the primary knowledge base [179,180,181]. The second-largest cluster (#1 optical properties; 114 members, silhouette 0.807) and the fifth-largest cluster (#4 photocatalytic activity; 46 members, silhouette 0.880) are materials-oriented, focusing on the synthesis, luminescence, and photocatalytic behavior of tungstate/molybdate micro- and nanostructures; both have plateaued since 2015 [182,183,184,185]. By contrast, the third-largest cluster (#2 flotation separation; 71 members, silhouette 0.801) and the fourth-largest cluster (#3 synthetic scheelite; 48 members, silhouette 0.856) have expanded rapidly, driven by advances in flotation surface chemistry (hydroxamic acids, Pb–BHA complexes, DFT-aided adsorption mechanisms) and hydrometallurgical intensification (sulfuric acid leaching, solvent extraction, deep-eutectic solvents), respectively [186,187,188,189]. The most recent keyword influx signals a worldwide shift toward low-temperature, low-carbon, and data-driven process optimization [190,191].
For China, eight clusters were delineated, as shown in Figure 9B and Table S11, revealing a policy-governed trajectory. The largest cluster (#0 fluid evolution; 111 members, silhouette 0.885) parallels the global ore-genesis theme but is explicitly anchored in South China’s Mesozoic tungsten province [192,193,194]. The second-largest cluster (#1 luminescent properties; 73 members, silhouette 0.850) centers on “CaWO4, Eu3+/Dy3+ doping, up-conversion luminescence, hydrothermal synthesis, LED red phosphor”. The CaWO4, Eu3+/Dy3+ phosphors are now used in 660 nm horticultural LEDs and as anti-counterfeit inks for banknotes [195,196]. Cluster #2, labeled “flotation depressants and interfacial engineering”, displays the steepest temporal gradient and now approaches the global #2 cluster in size, underscoring China’s recent surge in selective-flotation research. Pilot plants in Hunan already deploy these new depressants, cutting reagent costs by 18% while raising scheelite recovery from 74% to 82% in 2024 campaigns [197,198]. Cluster #3, designated “synthetic scheelite”, focuses on solvent extraction and secondary tungsten recycling. However, keywords such as “wastewater zero discharge” remain isolated, highlighting a continuing disconnect between environmental control technologies and mainstream process design [199,200]. Keyword occurrences in 2020–2021 (“tungsten tailing backfill”) and 2023 (“carbon peak & neutrality”) coincide with the promulgation of national ecological restoration regulations and dual-carbon targets, demonstrating the decisive influence of governmental directives on domestic research priorities [201,202,203,204].

3.4.3. Keyword Burst Analysis

To track the latest advancements and emerging hotspots in scheelite resource utilization technology, we identified the 25 keywords with the most significant citation bursts from 1999 to 2024 (Table 1 and Table 2). Horizontal bars depict the temporal popularity of these keywords, with red segments denoting peak burst years [205].
Table 1 reveals a clear paradigm shift in global scheelite research. During 1999–2016, the strongest bursts were dominated by materials chemistry (CaWO4, crystals, thin films, luminescence) and fundamental geochemistry (deposits, origin), with strengths > 8.0 and durations of 5–7 years. After 2017, these terms faded, and “collector” (6.66, 2017–2022), “calcite” (4.70, 2017–2020), and “separation” (6.44, 2019–2024) emerged, indicating that selective-flotation and micro-analytical techniques are now at the forefront [206,207,208,209]. Table 2 shows that China followed a “follow–parallel–lead” trajectory. From 2005 to 2014, bursts in “crystals”, “hydrothermal synthesis”, and “growth” mirrored the global pattern, albeit with 10–30% lower intensities, reflecting a catch-up phase. A synchronized surge in “nanoparticles”, “hydrothermal synthesis”, and “photoluminescence” during 2015–2018 signaled parallel innovation. Subsequently, China exhibited an independent burst of “leaching kinetics” (3.41, 2021–2022), aligned with national dual-carbon policies, while the global community continues to concentrate on “separation” [210,211,212,213,214]. This divergence underscores the accelerating transition from laboratory-scale functional materials to industrially oriented, low-carbon metallurgy within the Chinese research ecosystem.
Collectively, the post-2017 surge of separation-related bursts predated—but was subsequently amplified by—two external drivers: (i) supply-risk policies, notably the EU’s 2020 Critical Raw Materials Action Plan and the 2021 Industrial Deep Decarbonisation Initiative led by Germany and South Korea, both of which list tungsten as strategic for “green-steel” and explicitly call for breakthrough beneficiation; and (ii) China’s sequential low-carbon mandates, from the 2016–2020 key R&D programs that first funded hydrometallurgical alternatives to the 2030/2060 dual-carbon pledge that channeled further resources into routes avoiding the 900 °C roasting step and cutting energy use by ~35%. These policy signals reinforced an already unfolding scholarly shift from crystal-growth studies to calcite-selective flotation and low-temperature leaching [215,216,217]. Consequently, the continued absence of AI-driven or machine learning keywords with citation bursts suggests a timely opportunity to embed data-driven reagent optimization within these policy-aligned, low-carbon flowsheets, potentially forming the next disruptive research wave [218,219].

4. Conclusions and Perspectives

In conclusion, bibliometric evidence from 1999 to 2024 delineates a clear evolutionary trajectory for scheelite resource utilization technology. Globally, research has shifted from fundamental geochemical and material-focused studies to green beneficiation and data-driven optimization that prioritize low-carbon, high-efficiency, and intelligent processes [220,221,222,223]. Guided by national policies, China has transitioned from following global trends to operating in parallel and, in some areas, to achieving local leadership in flotation reagents, tailings reclamation, and dual-carbon technologies [224,225].
Nevertheless, breakthrough-level original theories remain scarce, and critical technologies such as AI-driven whole-process optimization and zero-liquid-discharge systems have yet to achieve rapid, large-scale adoption [226,227,228]. Future efforts should therefore strengthen interdisciplinary synergy and international collaboration by focusing on (i) AI-driven process optimization in mineral beneficiation and digital mining, (ii) carbon-neutral and low-carbon metallurgical technologies aligned with global sustainability goals, (iii) circular economy approaches, including the recovery and reuse of valuable elements from tungsten tailings, and (iv) intelligent process control systems enabling real-time monitoring and efficiency improvements, to establish a secure, sustainable and intelligent scheelite resources utilization [229].

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/min15111181/s1.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Z.G. and J.C.; methodology, Z.G. and L.G.; formal analysis, J.C.; investigation, Z.G.; data curation, Z.G. and J.C.; writing—original draft preparation, Z.G.; writing—review and editing, Z.G. and L.G.; supervision, J.C.; funding acquisition, Z.G. and J.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China for Deep Earth Science and Technology [2025ZD1007003], Research Foundation of the Department of Natural Resources of Hunan Province [HBZ20240148], The Laboratory Open Project of Central South University in 2025, the Natural Science Foundation of China [52274287], the National Key Laboratory of Nickel-Cobalt Co-associated Resources Development and hensive Utilization (GZSYS-KY-2024-067), and Key Laboratory of Strategic Mineral Resources in the Upper Reaches of the Yellow River, Ministry of Natural Resources (YSMRKF202401).

Data Availability Statement

Data are contained within the article and Supplementary Materials.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1. Integrated utilization technology chain of scheelite resources.
Figure 1. Integrated utilization technology chain of scheelite resources.
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Figure 2. Bibliometric workflow for retrieving and analyzing the literature on scheelite resource utilization technology.
Figure 2. Bibliometric workflow for retrieving and analyzing the literature on scheelite resource utilization technology.
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Figure 3. Characteristic description of publications: annual output and citations ((A1) global, (A2) China); document-type distribution ((B1) global, (B2) China); top 10 WoS research categories ((C1) global, (C2) China) (Bibliometrix).
Figure 3. Characteristic description of publications: annual output and citations ((A1) global, (A2) China); document-type distribution ((B1) global, (B2) China); top 10 WoS research categories ((C1) global, (C2) China) (Bibliometrix).
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Figure 4. Co-citation networks of journals (A) and references (B) (CiteSpace).
Figure 4. Co-citation networks of journals (A) and references (B) (CiteSpace).
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Figure 5. Country-level collaboration patterns: co-country network ((A), CiteSpace) and regional partnerships ((B), Scimago Graphica).
Figure 5. Country-level collaboration patterns: co-country network ((A), CiteSpace) and regional partnerships ((B), Scimago Graphica).
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Figure 6. Institutional networks: co-occurrence map (A) and temporal overlay of collaborations (B) (CiteSpace and VOSviewer).
Figure 6. Institutional networks: co-occurrence map (A) and temporal overlay of collaborations (B) (CiteSpace and VOSviewer).
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Figure 7. Author collaboration and impact: co-authorship network (A) and co-cited authors (B) (CiteSpace).
Figure 7. Author collaboration and impact: co-authorship network (A) and co-cited authors (B) (CiteSpace).
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Figure 8. Keyword co-occurrence networks: global (A1) and China (B1). Temporal evolution overlay networks: global (A2) and China (B2) (VOSviewer).
Figure 8. Keyword co-occurrence networks: global (A1) and China (B1). Temporal evolution overlay networks: global (A2) and China (B2) (VOSviewer).
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Figure 9. The timeline view of keyword clusters: global (A) and China (B) (Citespace).
Figure 9. The timeline view of keyword clusters: global (A) and China (B) (Citespace).
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Table 1. Top 25 keywords with strongest citation bursts for global dataset (Citespace).
Table 1. Top 25 keywords with strongest citation bursts for global dataset (Citespace).
KeywordsYearStrengthBeginEnd1999–2024
deposits 1999 5.46 1999 2006 ▃▃▃▂▂▂▂▂▂▂
geochemistry 2000 4.95 2000 2008 ▂▃▃▃▂▂▂▂▂▂
cawo4 2002 10.84 2002 2016 ▂▃▃▃▃▃▃▂▂▂
thin films 2003 5.91 2003 2014 ▂▃▃▃▃▃▂▂▂▂
origin 2003 5 2003 2012 ▂▃▃▃▃▂▂▂▂▂
growth 2005 5.91 2005 2016 ▂▂▃▃▃▃▃▂▂▂
crystals 2007 10.43 2007 2014 ▂▂▂▃▃▃▂▂▂▂
camoo4 2007 8.57 2007 2016 ▂▂▂▃▃▃▃▂▂▂
luminescence 2007 8.22 2007 2012 ▂▂▂▃▃▂▂▂▂▂
ca 2003 6.06 2007 2014 ▂▂▂▃▃▃▂▂▂▂
powders 2007 5.72 2007 2014 ▂▂▂▃▃▃▂▂▂▂
molybdate 2007 5.39 2007 2012 ▂▂▂▃▃▂▂▂▂▂
hydrothermal synthesis 2009 7.92 2009 2018 ▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▃▂▂
sr 2009 7.31 2009 2018 ▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▃▂▂
nanoparticles 2009 6.67 2009 2018 ▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▃▂▂
nanocrystals 2009 6.35 2009 2018 ▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▃▂▂
luminescent property 2009 5.53 2009 2016 ▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▂▂▂
energy transfer 2009 4.75 2009 2020 ▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▃▃▂
route 2009 4.73 2009 2016 ▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▂▂▂
morphology 2011 8.77 2011 2016 ▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▂▂▂
photoluminescence 2009 6.72 2013 2016 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▂▂▂
collector 2017 6.66 2017 2022 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▂
calcite 2004 4.7 2017 2020 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▂
separation 2015 6.44 2019 2024 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃
la icp ms2013 5.64 2019 2024 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃
Table 2. Top 22 keywords with strongest citation bursts for China dataset (Citespace).
Table 2. Top 22 keywords with strongest citation bursts for China dataset (Citespace).
KeywordsYearStrengthBeginEnd1999–2024
crystals 2005 5.45 2005 2014 ▂▂▃▃▃▃▂▂▂▂
hydrothermal synthesis 2005 5.43 2005 2018 ▂▂▃▃▃▃▃▃▂▂
growth 2005 5.31 2005 2016 ▂▂▃▃▃▃▃▂▂▂
degradation 2008 5.18 2008 2018 ▂▂▂▃▃▃▃▃▂▂
luminescence 2008 5.13 2008 2012 ▂▂▂▃▃▂▂▂▂▂
camoo4 2008 3.9 2008 2014 ▂▂▂▃▃▃▂▂▂▂
nanoparticles 2009 5.95 2009 2018 ▂▂▂▃▃▃▃▃▂▂
cawo4 2009 5.36 2009 2014 ▂▂▂▃▃▃▂▂▂▂
nanocrystals 2009 4.54 2009 2018 ▂▂▂▃▃▃▃▃▂▂
irradiation 2009 3.65 2009 2012 ▂▂▂▃▃▂▂▂▂▂
optical property 2009 3.65 2009 2012 ▂▂▂▃▃▂▂▂▂▂
morphology 2011 4.84 2011 2014 ▂▂▂▂▃▃▂▂▂▂
sr 2011 3.44 2011 2016 ▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▂▂▂
water 2011 3.33 2011 2018 ▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▃▂▂
eu3+ 2014 4.62 2014 2016 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▂▂▂
photoluminescence 2014 3.85 2014 2020 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▂
luminescence property 2014 3.31 2014 2018 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▂▂
soda 2015 4.34 2015 2020 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▂
zircon u pb 2018 3.72 2018 2020 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▂
calcite 2017 3.58 2017 2020 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▂▂
collector 2017 3.42 2017 2018 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▂
leaching kinetics 2019 3.41 2021 2022 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃
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Gao, Z.; Gao, L.; Cao, J. Scheelite as a Strategic Tungsten Resource: A Bibliometric Study of Global and Chinese Technology Trends (1999–2024). Minerals 2025, 15, 1181. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15111181

AMA Style

Gao Z, Gao L, Cao J. Scheelite as a Strategic Tungsten Resource: A Bibliometric Study of Global and Chinese Technology Trends (1999–2024). Minerals. 2025; 15(11):1181. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15111181

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gao, Zhengbo, Lingxiao Gao, and Jian Cao. 2025. "Scheelite as a Strategic Tungsten Resource: A Bibliometric Study of Global and Chinese Technology Trends (1999–2024)" Minerals 15, no. 11: 1181. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15111181

APA Style

Gao, Z., Gao, L., & Cao, J. (2025). Scheelite as a Strategic Tungsten Resource: A Bibliometric Study of Global and Chinese Technology Trends (1999–2024). Minerals, 15(11), 1181. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15111181

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