Geology and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements Deposits and Occurrences in Finland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Geological and Mineralogical Characteristics of Major REE Deposits and Occurrences in Finland
3.1. REE Deposits in Carbonatites
3.1.1. The Jammi and the Kaulus Carbonatite Dikes in the Sokli Complex
3.1.2. Korsnäs Pb-REE Deposit
3.1.3. Kortejärvi and Laivajoki Carbonatites
3.2. REE Deposits Related to Alkaline Intrusions
3.2.1. The Otanmäki Katajakangas Nb-REE Deposit
3.2.2. The Mäkärä Vaulo Area in the Tana Belt
3.3. Hydrothermal REE Deposits
3.3.1. Uuniemi (Kuusamo Belt)
3.3.2. Honkilehto (Kuusamo Belt)
3.4. REE Occurrences in Pegmatite and Greisen (Magmatic-Hydrothermal Systems)
3.4.1. Rapakivi Granite
3.4.2. Kovela Granitoid Complex
4. Compositions of REE Minerals with Different Origins in Finland
5. Comparison of Results from Finland with Published Compositional Data of Carbonates, REE-Phosphates and Silicates from Other Areas
6. Disscusion
7. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Analytical Methods
References
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Deposit Examples | Ore-Bearing Rocks | Age(Ga) | Major REE Bearing Minerals |
---|---|---|---|
Carbonatite rocks | |||
Sokli Jammi/ Kaulus | Carbonatites | 0.38–0.36 | Ancylite-(Ce), monazite, bastnäsite, allanite, xenotime-(Y), Sr-apatite, strontianite, barite |
Korsnäs | Calcsilicate rocks (skarn) next to carbonatite | 1.90–1.83 | Apatite, monazite, Ca-ancylite, bastnäsite, barite, calcite |
Kortejärvi-Laivajoki | Carbonatites | 1.88–1.85 | Apatite, allanite, chevkinite-(Ce) monazite, bastnäsite, columbite |
Alkaline rocks | |||
Otanmäki and Katajakangas | Alkaline gneiss | 2.30–1.90 | Fergusonite(Y), fergusonite (U), allanite, Ca-REE fluorocarbonates (bastnäsite and synchysite), columbite |
Tana Belt (Vaulo and Mäkära) | Arkose gneiss | 3.10–2.60 | Euxenite, columbite, zircon |
Hydrothermal alteration zones | |||
Kuusamo_Uuniniemi | Epigenetic hydrothermal | 1.90–1.80 | Apatite, monazite, allanite euxenite, Fe-columbite, thorite |
Kuusamo_Honkilehto | Albitite | 2.45–2.44 | Apatite, bastnäsite, ancylite, allanite, chevkinite-(Ce) davidite, uraninite |
Granitoids/greisens | |||
Kovela | Pegmatite in monzogranite | 1.85–1.79 | Monazite, huttonite/thorite, xenotime |
Kymi granite | Greisen in Rapakivi Granite | 1.64–1.63 | Apatite, monazite, bastnäsite, allanite, xenotime, thorite |
Mineral | (La + Ce + Pr)/(ΣREE) | (La/Nd)cn | Mineral | (La + Ce + Pr)/(ΣREE) | (La/Nd)cn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monazite | Allanite | ||||
Carbonatite rocks | 0.80 | 0.80–4.55 | Carbonatite rocks | 0.75 | 2.17–2.98 |
Hydrothermal metasomatic rocks | 0.85 | 2.05–4.17 | Hydrothermal metasomatic rocks | 0.87 | 6.87–9.26 |
Granitoids/greisens | 0.75 | 1.57–2.27 | Granitoids/greisens | 0.77 | 2.09–2.71 |
Alkaline rocks Nechalacho | 0.77 | 2.03–2.26 | Alkaline arkosic rocks | 0.71 | 1.05–4.23 |
Hydrothermal ore, Olserum-Djupedal | 0.70 | 0.60–2.50 | Alkaline rocks, Nechalacho | 0.83 | 2.8–2.9 |
Carbonatite, Bayan Obo | 0.85 | 4.50–6.20 | Carbonatite, Bayan Obo | 0.86 | 3.8 |
Pegmatite, Creek Pass | 0.63 | 1.48–1.51 | Pegmatite Creek Pass | 0.72 | 1.70–3.40 |
Hydrothermal ore, Olserum-Djupedal | 0.74 | 1.67–2.48 | |||
Upper Crust | 0.68 | 1.2 | |||
Bastnäsite | Synchysite | ||||
Carbonatite rocks | 0.78 | 0.50–3.66 | Carbonatite rocks | 0.78 | 1.49–3.43 |
Hydrothermal metasomatic rocks | 0.89 | 8.50–12.84 | Hydrothermal metasomatic rocks | 0.80 | 1.94–3.43 |
Granitoids/greisens | 0.70 | 0.80–2.00 | Alkaline arkosic rocks | 0.71 | 1.56–2.37 |
Alkaline arkosic rocks | 0.73 | 1.71–2.21 | Alkaline rocks, Nechalacho | 0.76 | 1.73–2.26 |
Alkaline rocks Nechalacho | 0.79 | 2.22–2.28 | Carbonatite, Bayan Obo | 0.79 | 0.60–2.20 |
Hydrothermal ore, Olserum-Djupedal | 0.72 | 1.70–2.38 | Hydrothermal ore, Olserum-Djupedal | 0.84 | 2.0–2.3 |
Upper Crust | 0.68 | 1.2 | Upper Crust | 0.68 | 1.2 |
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Al-Ani, T.; Molnár, F.; Lintinen, P.; Leinonen, S. Geology and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements Deposits and Occurrences in Finland. Minerals 2018, 8, 356. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8080356
Al-Ani T, Molnár F, Lintinen P, Leinonen S. Geology and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements Deposits and Occurrences in Finland. Minerals. 2018; 8(8):356. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8080356
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Ani, Thair, Ferenc Molnár, Panu Lintinen, and Seppo Leinonen. 2018. "Geology and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements Deposits and Occurrences in Finland" Minerals 8, no. 8: 356. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8080356