Indium Mineralization in a Sn-Poor Skarn Deposit: A Case Study of the Qibaoshan Deposit, South China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Regional and Local Geology
2.1. Regional Geology of Northeastern Hunan Province
2.2. Geology of the Qibaoshan Deposit
2.2.1. Stratigraphy
2.2.2. Intrusive Rocks
2.2.3. Orebodies in the Qibaoshan Deposit
2.2.4. Ore Types and Mineral Paragenetic Sequence
3. Sampling and Analyses
3.1. Sample Sites
3.2. Whole-Rock Geochemical Analyses
3.3. Electron-Probe Microanalyses
4. Indium Contents of Ores and Mineral Chemistry
4.1. Chemical Composition of Ores and Element Correlations
4.2. Chemistry of Sphalerite
5. Discussion
5.1. Correlation of Indium with Other Elements
5.2. Indium Distribution in the Qibaoshan Deposit
5.3. Indium Mineralization in Sn-Poor deposits
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample No | Location | Ore Types | Description | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Laohukou Block (LB) | ||||
1 | L1 | Level 40 m | Py-Ccp ores | Massive, coarse grained, Py > Ccp, Apy (10%) |
2 | L3 | Level 12 m | Py-Ccp ores | Loose sulfides, fine grained, Py > Sp |
3 | L6 | Level 12 m in No. 8-1 orebody | Py ores | Massive, medium-fine grained, Py (50%) > Ccp (10%) |
4 | L7 | Same as above | Py ores | Same as above |
5 | L8 | Level 19 m in No. I orebody | Py-Sp-Gn-Ccp ores | Massive, medium-fine grained, Py (20%) > Sp > Ccp (5%) > Gn |
6 | L9 | Same as above | Py-Sp-Gn-Ccp ores | Loose sulfides, fine grained, Py > Sp > Ccp |
7 | L10 | Same as above | Py-Ccp ores | Massive, medium-fine grained, Sp > Py |
8 | L12 | Same as above, | Py-Sp-Gn-Ccp ores | Massive, medium-fine grained, Sp (30%) > Py > Ccp > Gn |
9 | L14 | Level 12 m in No. I orebody | Py-Ccp ores | Massive, medium-fine grained, Py > Ccp |
10 | L17 | Same as above | Py-Sp-Gn-Ccp ores | Disseminated, medium-fine grained, Sp > Py > Ccp > Gn |
Daqibaoshan Block (DB) | ||||
11 | D9 | Level 116 m | Mag-Py ores | Massive, coarse grained, Py > Mag (10%), contained serpentine |
12 | D16 | Same as above | Mag-Py ores | Massive, coarse grained, Mag > Py > Sp |
Xiaoqibaoshan Block (XB) | ||||
13 | X1 | Level −29 m @ line 52 | Py-Ccp ores | Disseminated, medium-fine grained, Py > Ccp > Sp |
14 | X6 | Level −43 m @ line 58 | Sp-Py ores | Disseminated, medium-fine grained, Py > Sp |
15 | X7 | Level −43 m @ line 68 | Sp-Py ores | Disseminated, medium-fine grained, Sp > Py |
16 | X8 | Same as above | Sp-Py ores | Disseminated, medium-fine grained, Py > Sp |
17 | X9 | Same as above | Sp-Py ores | Disseminated, medium-fine grained, Sp > Py |
18 | X10 | Same as above | Sp-Py ores | Same as above |
19 | X11 | Level −43 m @ line 70 | Sp-Py ores | Same as above |
20 | X12 | Level −45 m @ line 62 | Sp-Py ores | Same as above |
21 | X13 | Level −43 m @ line 58 | Py-Ccp ores | Disseminated, medium-fine grained, Sp > Py |
Jigongwan Block (JGB) | ||||
22 | J5 | Level 84m | Py-Ccp ores | Disseminated, medium-fine grained, Py > Ccp |
23 | J8 | Same as above | Mag ores | Disseminated, medium-fine grained, Mag > Py |
1000 In/Zn | In | Sn | Cd | Zn | Pb | Cu | Fe | Mn | Ni | Co | W | Bi | As | Sb | Ag | Cr | P | V | S | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Units | ppm | ppm | ppm | wt % | ppm | wt % | wt % | ppm | ppm | ppm | ppm | ppm | ppm | ppm | ppm | ppm | ppm | ppm | wt % | |
Detection limits | 0.005 | 10 | 0.5 | 2 | 2 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.01 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 0.5 | 1 | 10 | 1 | 0.1 | |
Sp-Py ores | ||||||||||||||||||||
X6 | 2.63 | 28.9 | 30 | 351 | 11.00 | 16,100 | 0.15 | 35 | 501 | 1 | <1 | 10 | 35 | 2920 | 115 | 35.4 | 12 | 10 | 5 | 45.7 |
X7 | 7.48 | 135 | 50 | 535 | 18.05 | 2720 | 0.32 | 31.2 | 949 | 1 | <1 | 40 | 59 | 1520 | 81 | 48.2 | 9 | 40 | 4 | 43.4 |
X8 | 7.12 | 121 | 20 | 497 | 17.00 | 494 | 0.27 | 25.4 | 799 | 12 | 4 | 10 | 81 | 603 | 72 | 34 | 19 | 50 | 7 | 36.2 |
X9 | 7.66 | 170 | 10 | 622 | 22.20 | 105 | 0.18 | 25.6 | 801 | 61 | 50 | <10 | 20 | 255 | 105 | 9.1 | 7 | 20 | 2 | 38 |
X10 | 5.84 | 121.5 | 10 | 563 | 20.80 | 313 | 0.2 | 27.2 | 863 | 41 | 36 | 30 | 69 | 197 | 21 | 17.3 | 5 | 20 | 1 | 39.6 |
X11 | 10.89 | 106.5 | 30 | 315 | 9.78 | 6330 | 0.23 | 36.1 | 491 | 3 | 7 | 20 | 375 | 11,200 | 158 | >100 | 7 | 20 | 3 | 45.6 |
X12 | 4.78 | 96.5 | 10 | 711 | 20.20 | 186 | 0.23 | 32.1 | 643 | 21 | 14 | 30 | 244 | 586 | 129 | 23.4 | 12 | 20 | 4 | 44.8 |
L10 | 9.95 | 203 | 20 | 645 | 20.40 | 890 | 0.32 | 32 | 2730 | <1 | <1 | 10 | 85 | 750 | 50 | 38.1 | 10 | 10 | 3 | 44.8 |
Mean (n = 8) | 7.04 | 122.8 | 23 | 530 | 17.43 | 3392 | 0.24 | 30.6 | 972 | 18 | 14 | 19 | 121 | 2254 | 91 | 38.2 | 10 | 24 | 4 | 42.3 |
Py-Ccp ores | ||||||||||||||||||||
X13 | 11.51 | 8.52 | 120 | 4.3 | 0.74 | 290 | 1.3 | 31.7 | <5 | 3 | 1 | 10 | 268 | 1100 | 30 | 72.2 | 9 | 20 | 3 | 36.9 |
X1 | 5.84 | 4.09 | 30 | <0.5 | 0.7 | 16 | 1.15 | 32.7 | 41 | 10 | <1 | <10 | 896 | 130 | 400 | 24.9 | 19 | 70 | 10 | 37.5 |
L1 | 74.91 | 42.7 | 150 | 13.7 | 0.57 | 287 | 10.25 | 39.7 | 34 | 25 | 24 | <10 | 2690 | 1320 | 59 | >100 | 9 | 10 | 4 | 46.5 |
L3 | 14.68 | 13.65 | 40 | 24.4 | 0.93 | 1140 | 2.24 | 38.3 | 90 | 16 | 18 | <10 | 586 | 2350 | 103 | 80.5 | 15 | 40 | 16 | 44.7 |
L14 | 20.75 | 15.15 | 70 | 10.6 | 0.73 | 398 | 6.69 | 41.8 | 29 | 14 | 22 | <10 | 353 | 729 | 28 | >100 | 9 | 10 | 3 | 48.8 |
Mean (n = 5) | 25.54 | 16.82 | 82 | 10.6 | 0.73 | 426 | 4.33 | 36.8 | 39 | 14 | 13 | 10 | 959 | 1126 | 124 | 75.5 | 12 | 30 | 7 | 42.9 |
Py-Sp-Gn-Ccp ores | ||||||||||||||||||||
L8 | 2.21 | 3.61 | 30 | 13.7 | 1.63 | 2930 | 1.68 | 43 | 43 | 1 | 9 | <10 | 410 | 368 | 49 | >100 | 13 | 220 | 8 | 50.5 |
L9 | 8.36 | 7.61 | 20 | 29.2 | 0.91 | 2500 | 0.51 | 30.5 | 90 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 208 | 394 | 16 | 34.6 | 22 | 140 | 24 | 35.4 |
L12 | 1.48 | 15.7 | 60 | 303 | 10.6 | 34,300 | 1.53 | 34.9 | 752 | 5 | 3 | 50 | 901 | 1810 | 66 | >100 | 14 | 10 | 3 | 45.6 |
L17 | 1.09 | 18.95 | 90 | 634 | 17.45 | 52,600 | 1.96 | 30.5 | 1340 | 3 | <1 | 40 | 464 | 1230 | 98 | >100 | 18 | 20 | 4 | 43.7 |
Mean (n = 4) | 3.29 | 11.47 | 50 | 245.0 | 7.65 | 23,083 | 1.42 | 34.7 | 556 | 5 | 5 | 28 | 496 | 951 | 57 | 84.7 | 17 | 98 | 10 | 43.8 |
Py ores | ||||||||||||||||||||
L6 | 21.52 | 4.95 | 10 | 13.5 | 0.23 | 155 | 0.23 | 41.1 | 649 | 1 | 35 | <10 | 100 | 204 | <5 | 15 | 8 | <10 | 13 | 41.3 |
L7 | 165.6 | 8.28 | 30 | 3.3 | 0.05 | 91 | 0.56 | 39.9 | 673 | 2 | 17 | 10 | 182 | 89 | <5 | 24.9 | 13 | 30 | 22 | 39.1 |
Mean (n = 2) | 93.56 | 6.62 | 20 | 8.4 | 0.14 | 123 | 0.40 | 40.5 | 661 | 1 | 26 | 10 | 141 | 147 | <5 | 20.0 | 11 | 20 | 18 | 40.2 |
Mag-Py ores | ||||||||||||||||||||
D9 | 52.25 | 1.05 | 30 | 0.9 | 0.02 | 37 | 0.19 | 41.8 | 208 | 4 | 3 | 1130 | 35 | 45 | <5 | 4 | 7 | 70 | 23 | 33.1 |
D16 | 15.07 | 162 | 20 | 340 | 10.75 | 38 | 0.49 | 35.6 | 196 | 1 | <1 | 40 | 57 | 40 | <5 | 8.2 | 20 | 80 | 12 | 33.8 |
Mean (n = 2) | 33.66 | 81.53 | 25 | 170.5 | 5.39 | 38 | 0.34 | 38.7 | 202 | 3 | 2 | 585 | 46 | 43 | <5 | 6.1 | 14 | 75 | 188 | 33.5 |
Mag ores | ||||||||||||||||||||
J5 | 324.29 | 22.7 | 40 | 5.5 | 0.07 | 71 | 2.06 | 24 | 1330 | 30 | 69 | 60 | 29 | 62 | <5 | 43.3 | 40 | 320 | 63 | 24.7 |
J8 | 45.67 | 1.37 | 10 | 2.1 | 0.03 | 8 | 0.43 | 61.6 | 801 | 6 | 45 | 30 | 18 | 6 | <5 | 8.9 | 13 | 40 | 52 | 5.8 |
Mean (n = 2) | 184.98 | 12.04 | 25 | 3.8 | 0.05 | 40 | 1.25 | 42.8 | 1066 | 18 | 57 | 45 | 24 | 34 | <5 | 26.1 | 26.50 | 180 | 58 | 15.3 |
Zn | Cu | Fe | S | In | As | Bi | Cd | Cr | Mn | Ni | P | Pb | Sb | Sn | V | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zn | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||
Cu | 0.35 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
Fe | 0.54 | 0.17 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||
S | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.33 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
In | 0.81 | 0.25 | 0.45 | 0.13 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
As | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.12 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Bi | 0.26 | 0.81 | 0.11 | 0.32 | 0.22 | 0.10 | 1.00 | |||||||||
Cd | 0.99 | 0.35 | 0.52 | 0.26 | 0.77 | 0.10 | 0.25 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Cr | 0.23 | 0.03 | 0.30 | 0.37 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.09 | 0.20 | 1.00 | |||||||
Mn | 0.57 | 0.30 | 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.52 | 0.05 | 0.31 | 0.59 | 0.11 | 1.00 | ||||||
Ni | 0.31 | 0.16 | 0.41 | 0.08 | 0.30 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.25 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 1.00 | |||||
P | 0.34 | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.28 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.15 | 0.35 | 0.76 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 1.00 | ||||
Pb | 0.26 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.32 | 0.09 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.18 | 1.00 | |||
Sb | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 1.00 | ||
Sn | 0.26 | 0.76 | 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.07 | 0.71 | 0.24 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.29 | 0.02 | 1.00 | |
V | 0.51 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.80 | 0.38 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.49 | 0.65 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.64 | 0.22 | 0.32 | 0.22 | 1.00 |
Sample Nos | Zn | Fe | Mn | Cd | Sn | In | Ge | S | Se | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X6-sp01 | 51.75 | 11.54 | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 35.37 | 0.00 | 98.99 |
X6-sp02 | 52.35 | 11.73 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 34.91 | 0.01 | 99.42 |
X6-sp03 | 53.34 | 11.79 | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 34.03 | 0.00 | 99.57 |
X7-sp01 | 52.22 | 11.78 | 0.33 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 34.19 | 0.02 | 98.77 |
X7-sp02 | 53.03 | 11.91 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 34.44 | 0.02 | 99.82 |
X7-sp03 | 53.90 | 10.95 | 0.33 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 33.63 | 0.00 | 99.00 |
X7-sp04 | 52.42 | 11.51 | 0.45 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 34.30 | 0.00 | 98.86 |
X7-sp05 | 54.51 | 11.46 | 0.31 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 34.00 | 0.00 | 100.47 |
X7-sp06 | 52.78 | 11.16 | 0.40 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 34.02 | 0.00 | 98.63 |
X8-sp01 | 52.98 | 11.54 | 0.32 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 34.44 | 0.00 | 99.43 |
X8-sp02 | 53.74 | 11.61 | 0.31 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 34.04 | 0.00 | 99.85 |
X8-sp03 | 52.27 | 11.86 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 34.24 | 0.01 | 98.84 |
X10-sp01 | 53.97 | 11.60 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 34.21 | 0.00 | 100.14 |
X10-sp03 | 52.41 | 12.23 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 34.08 | 0.00 | 99.20 |
X11-sp02 | 53.19 | 11.24 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 34.71 | 0.03 | 99.51 |
X11-sp03 | 54.09 | 10.34 | 0.66 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 34.29 | 0.00 | 99.59 |
X11-sp04 | 53.47 | 11.11 | 0.18 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 34.32 | 0.00 | 99.28 |
X11-sp05 | 53.84 | 11.37 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 33.54 | 0.00 | 99.09 |
X12-sp02 | 53.41 | 11.03 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 34.19 | 0.00 | 99.09 |
L10-sp01 | 56.10 | 11.55 | 0.32 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 33.57 | 0.00 | 101.66 |
L10-sp02 | 53.69 | 12.07 | 0.36 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 33.07 | 0.00 | 99.31 |
L10-sp05 | 53.31 | 11.52 | 0.34 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 33.61 | 0.00 | 98.90 |
L10-sp06 | 55.76 | 11.46 | 0.30 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 33.84 | 0.00 | 101.44 |
L14-sp02 | 56.00 | 8.78 | 0.64 | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 32.89 | 0.00 | 98.51 |
J7-sp06 | 54.73 | 11.57 | 0.25 | 0.34 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 33.60 | 0.00 | 100.50 |
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Liu, J. Indium Mineralization in a Sn-Poor Skarn Deposit: A Case Study of the Qibaoshan Deposit, South China. Minerals 2017, 7, 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/min7050076
Liu J. Indium Mineralization in a Sn-Poor Skarn Deposit: A Case Study of the Qibaoshan Deposit, South China. Minerals. 2017; 7(5):76. https://doi.org/10.3390/min7050076
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Jianping. 2017. "Indium Mineralization in a Sn-Poor Skarn Deposit: A Case Study of the Qibaoshan Deposit, South China" Minerals 7, no. 5: 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/min7050076