Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Fluid Inclusion Data from the Tumanpınarı Volcanic Rock-Hosted Fe-Mn-Ba Deposit, Balıkesir-Dursunbey, Turkey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geology
3. Methodology
4. Results
4.1. Hydrothermal Alteration
4.2. Ore Geology
4.3. Geochemistry
4.4. Fluid Inclusion
4.4.1. Petrography
4.4.2. Microthermometric Results
4.5. Sulphur Isotopic Composition
5. Discussion
5.1. Characterization of Hydrothermal Fluids
5.2. Source of Sulfur and Metals
5.3. Temperature–Depth Relationship
5.4. Ore Deposition
5.5. Role of the Structural Factors and Age of Ore Deposition
5.6. Ore Genesis Model
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alterations | Minerals | Abundance of Minerals | Remark | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Common | Moderately Abundant to Rare | Trace | |||
Silicic | Quartz | + | Most common alteration types in the andesite as mostly massive and vuggy silica bodies. Presence of different grain-sized quartz. Local hydrothermal quartz crystals in fractures and pores of residual silica. Massive silica consists of microcrystalline quartz derived from the recrystallization of amorphous silica. Occurrence of rutile related to decomposed biotites. | ||
Sericite | + | + | |||
Pyrite | + | ||||
Biotite | + | ||||
Chlorite | |||||
Sericitization | Sericite | + | It is seen as a low-intensity alteration haloes surrounding the veins. With progressive alteration, the plagioclase becomes riddled with flakes of fine-grained sericite. Grading outward into silicic alteration. | ||
Quartz | + | ||||
Clay minerals | + | ||||
(Kaolinite) | |||||
Chlorite | + | ||||
Pyrite | + | ||||
Hematisation | Hematite | + | The slight reddening of plagioclase and transformation of biotite to chlorite is common. It is seen as haloes surrounding the veins. Some of the hematite is related to ore-stage and shows a textural relationship with magnetite and euhedral quartz crystals. | ||
Limonite | + | ||||
Quartz | + | ||||
Sericite | + | ||||
Biotite | + | ||||
Argillic | Montmorillonite | + | It is seen as a moderate-intensity alteration zone surrounding the massive silica and ore bodies, but locally overprinting the sericitization and hematisation. It is mostly seen as an outer alteration zone and mainly characterized by the complete replacement of plagioclase by clay minerals. | ||
(Illite) | + | ||||
Quartz | + | ||||
Pyrite | + | ||||
Sericite | + | ||||
Calcite | + |
Content | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | 62.85 | 62.41 | 62.96 | 59.95 | 63.10 | 60.36 | 61.91 | 58.91 | 62.36 | 59.37 |
TiO2 | 0.60 | 0.74 | 0.85 | 0.62 | 0.65 | 0.84 | 0.70 | 0.63 | 0.49 | 0.73 |
Al2O3 | 13.61 | 16.63 | 15.92 | 18.13 | 17.18 | 16.52 | 16.09 | 14.87 | 17.51 | 15.69 |
Fe2O3 | 6.81 | 5.88 | 7.98 | 4.53 | 5.12 | 6.21 | 5.98 | 6.84 | 5.20 | 5.96 |
MnO | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.96 | 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.10 |
MgO | 1.39 | 1.53 | 0.79 | 1.29 | 1.69 | 1.74 | 0.98 | 3.57 | 1.46 | 1.80 |
CaO | 5.60 | 3.80 | 2.91 | 6.70 | 2.90 | 4.71 | 7.04 | 5.93 | 3.98 | 5.52 |
Na2O | 3.03 | 5.07 | 3.17 | 2.23 | 4.45 | 2.62 | 2.48 | 3.18 | 2.44 | 2.34 |
K2O | 3.06 | 1.97 | 2.82 | 3.52 | 2.60 | 3.51 | 3.10 | 2.66 | 3.37 | 4.83 |
P2O5 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.36 | 0.14 | 0.42 | 0.20 | 0.26 |
BaO | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.28 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.48 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.55 |
LOI | 1.43 | 1.25 | 1.96 | 2.19 | 2.04 | 2.60 | 0.90 | 2.09 | 2.37 | 2.75 |
Total | 98.80 | 99.63 | 99.89 | 99.49 | 100.07 | 100.91 | 99.69 | 99.39 | 99.66 | 99.90 |
As | 5.0 | 8.0 | 11 | 4.0 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 8.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
Cr | 39 | 18 | 28 | 18 | 32 | 10 | 17 | 36 | 28 | 21 |
Co | 20 | 13 | 21 | 13 | 22 | 16 | 6 | 16 | 12 | 14 |
Ni | 40 | 49 | 43 | 38 | 50 | 37 | 33 | 48 | 39 | 42 |
Rb | 230 | 190 | 170 | 190 | 280 | 170 | 200 | 200 | 250 | 200 |
Sr | 560 | 550 | 620 | 550 | 320 | 610 | 450 | 550 | 480 | 650 |
Sc | 18 | 14 | 12 | 14 | 12 | 13 | 10 | 14 | 13 | 17 |
V | 110 | 190 | 150 | 190 | 114 | 94 | 68 | 180 | 70 | 94 |
Y | 26 | 25 | 20 | 25 | 22 | 23 | 26 | 29 | 30 | 22 |
Zn | 270 | 98 | 850 | 80 | 460 | 410 | 180 | 370 | 500 | 640 |
Zr | 140 | 130 | 150 | 130 | 130 | 150 | 170 | 110 | 100 | 150 |
Nb | 8.0 | 10 | 8.0 | 10 | 10 | 9.0 | 11 | 9.0 | 13 | 9.0 |
Cs | 18 | 23 | 9.0 | 23 | 18 | 19 | 21 | 12 | 26 | 19 |
La | 57 | 50 | 35 | 50 | 50 | 60 | 29 | 58 | 49 | 50 |
Ce | 110 | 80 | 79 | 80 | 79 | 94 | 40 | 72 | 105 | 61 |
Sm | 6.0 | 5.0 | 7.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 3.0 | n.d. | 4.0 | 6.0 | 5.0 |
Eu | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.8 | n.d. | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.3 |
Yb | 3.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 1.4 | n.d. | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.1 |
Lu | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | n.d. | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
Hf | 7.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 7.0 | 6.0 | 7.0 | 6.0 |
Ta | 0.2 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.0 |
Pb | 395 | 120 | 900 | 120 | 696 | 500 | 294 | 420 | 390 | 740 |
Th | 30 | 24 | 20 | 24 | 26 | 23 | 22 | 24 | 30 | 21 |
U | 7.0 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 5.9 | 4.5 | 6.3 |
Content | 1 (n = 4) | 2 (n = 3) | 3 (n = 3) | 4 (n = 4) | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | 60.26 | 59.50 | 65.98 | 30.58 | 17.79 | 49.54 | 56.74 | 43.63 | 35.25 | 34.85 |
TiO2 | 0.74 | 0.68 | 0.51 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.07 |
Al2O3 | 16.24 | 17.96 | 12.93 | 2.87 | 5.56 | 1.79 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.31 | 0.10 |
Fe2O3 | 7.21 | 3.52 | 4.97 | 33.63 | 32.70 | 10.88 | 23.30 | 0.82 | 0.16 | 14.92 |
MnO | 0.96 | 1.28 | 2.84 | 18.81 | 30.79 | 24.46 | 4.73 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 2.35 |
MgO | 1.74 | 2.24 | 0.89 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.08 |
CaO | 4.51 | 5.28 | 3.78 | 1.77 | 2.30 | 0.75 | 2.24 | 0.77 | 0.27 | 0.10 |
Na2O | 2.52 | 2.71 | 1.84 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
K2O | 2.41 | 3.01 | 2.78 | - | - | - | 0.03 | - | - | - |
P2O5 | 0.36 | 0.31 | 0.44 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
SO3 | - | - | - | 2.86 | 5.51 | 3.13 | 3.21 | 17.83 | 22.35 | 17.25 |
BaO | 0.48 | 0.47 | 2.03 | 6.35 | 3.80 | 5.85 | 9.13 | 36.17 | 40.93 | 30.18 |
LOI | 2.57 | 3.04 | 0.91 | 2.64 | 1.05 | 3.10 | 0.42 | 0.30 | 0.45 | 0.10 |
As | 8 | 10 | 25 | 1610 | 950 | 980 | 18 | 77 | 70 | 50 |
Co | 22 | 20 | 6 | 18 | 6 | 10 | <5 | <5 | <5 | <5 |
Cr | 32 | 13 | 7 | 14 | 15 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
Cu | 46 | 26 | 12 | 140 | 100 | 87 | 160 | 97 | 120 | 80 |
Ni | 50 | 55 | 23 | 56 | 10 | 110 | 40 | 30 | 18 | 16 |
Rb | 475 | 290 | 200 | 15 | 5 | 22 | 40 | 10 | 30 | 20 |
Sr | 325 | 270 | 150 | 530 | 560 | 600 | 9000 | 5400 | 11,000 | 5700 |
W | 3 | 11 | 5 | 58 | 50 | 92 | 3 | 49 | 3 | 3 |
V | 89 | 150 | 70 | 92 | 110 | 192 | 125 | 160 | 96 | 132 |
Y | 10 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Zn | 200 | 140 | 7 | 1260 | 1050 | 1900 | 40 | 37 | 20 | 20 |
Nb | 10 | 9 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Cs | 12 | 9 | 14 | 10 | 14 | 16 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 9 |
La | 50 | 24 | 29 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 2 |
Ce | 79 | 54 | 40 | 3 | 3 | 3 | <3 | <3 | <3 | <3 |
Sm | 3.1 | 2.9 | 3.8 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
Eu | 1.6 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Yb | 2.3 | 1.9 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 |
Lu | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
Hf | 5 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 5 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Ta | 1 | 1 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
Pb | 690 | 310 | 290 | 1000 | 3400 | 930 | 7800 | 12,000 | 900 | 3200 |
Th | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | <0.2 | <0.2 |
U | 3 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 5.0 | 5.5 | 7.0 | 4.0 | 7.0 | 6.0 |
Sample | Mineral | Fluid Inclusion Data | Volume of Fill | Number of Fluid Inclusion | Th (oC) | Salinity (eq. wt % NaCl) | Homogenization to Vapor (V) Liquid (L) | Type of Inclusion | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kuzey damarlar area | |||||||||
KD-6 | Quartz | P | 0.45 | 6 | 195–304 | 0.6–12.2 | V | T1 | V |
KD-11 | Quartz | P(S) | 0.65 | 12 | 183–210 | 1.8–8.4 | L | T1 | V |
KD-12 | Barite | S | 0. 90 | 8 | 165–190 | 0.4–4.9 | L | T2 | B |
KD-16 | Quartz | P | 0.50 | 8 | 273–403 | 10.3–14.9 | V | T1 | V |
KD-17 | Quarrz | P | 0.60 | 4 | 179–279 | 1.0–8.9 | L | T1 | B |
KD-23 | Barite | P | 0.95 | 13 | 169–188 | 1.3–3.9 | L | T2 (T1) | V |
KD-23 | Quartz | P | 0.35 | 5 | 224–238 | 2.9–9.5 | L | T1 | V |
KD-25 | Quartz | S(P) | 0.60 | 2 | 140–178 | 1.1–5.6 | L | T2 (T1) | V |
KD-25 | Quartz | P(S) | 0.35 | 11 | 205–356 | 0.6–9.7 | L | T1 | B |
KD-26 | Quartz | P | 0.35 | 12 | 286–410 | 0.9–6.8 | L | T1 | B |
KD-30 | Barite | P | 0.95 | 2 | 115–169 | 2.1–3.9 | L | T2 | V |
KD-30 | Quartz | P | 0.75 | 2 | 222–249 | 1.2–5.5 | L | T2 | V |
KD-33 | Quartz | P | 0.80 | 8 | 123–309 | 5.3–11.8 | L | T2 | V |
KD-34 | Quartz | P | 0.50 | 4 | 210–354 | 3.8–9.5 | L | T1 | V |
Güney Damarları area | |||||||||
GD-2 | Barite | P(S) | 0.85 | 5 | 140–175 | 1.7–4.3 | L | T2 | V |
GD-5 | Barite | P(S) | 0.92 | 9 | 138–169 | 1.6–3.9 | L | T2 | V |
GD-6 | Quartz | P | 0.45 | 5 | 190–230 | 0.7–8.3 | L | T1 | V |
GD-6 | Barite | P | 0.80 | 12 | 160–192 | 1.3–7.8 | L | T2 | V |
GD-13 | Barite | P | 0.95 | 4 | 120–183 | 0.6–3.1 | L | T2 | V |
GD-14 | Barite | S | 0.96 | 4 | 113–175 | 0.5–2.9 | L | T2 | V |
GD-20 | Quartz | P | 0.70 | 6 | 198–245 | 2.5–7.6 | L | T1 (T2) | B |
GD-20 | Barite | P | 0.65 | 10 | 192–222 | 0.8–4.0 | L | T1 (T2) | V |
GD-21 | Barite | P | 0.90 | 7 | 122–185 | 0.4–3.2 | L | T2 | V |
GD-25 | Barite | P | 0.87 | 12 | 148–169 | 1.7–3.8 | L | T2 | V |
Sample | Minerals | Ore Type | δ34S‰ V-CDT | Sample | Mineral | Ore Type | δ34S‰ V-CDT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GD-2 | Barite | Barite-dominant ore | 4.2 | KD-12 | Barite | Pyrolusite + psilomelane + hematite + barite ore | 3.6 |
GD-5 | Barite | Barite-dominant ore | 5.6 | KD-18 | Barite | Pyrolusite + psilomelane + hematite + barite ore | 4.8 |
GD-18 | Barite | Barite-dominant ore | 3.3 | KD-22 | Pyrite | Pyrolusite + psilomelane + hematite + barite ore | 3.6 |
GD-20 | Barite | Barite-dominant ore | 4.9 | KD-26 | Pyrite | Pyrolusite + psilomelane + hematite + barite ore | 6.2 |
GD-21 | Barite | Barite-dominant ore | 3.2 | KD-28 | Pyrite | Pyrolusite + psilomelane + hematite + barite ore | 3.1 |
GD-22 | Barite | Barite-dominant ore | 5.1 | KD-30 | Pyrite | Pyrolusite + psilomelane + hematite + barite ore | 4.2 |
GD-25 | Barite | Barite-dominant ore | 6.1 |
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Gultekin, A.H.; Balci, N. Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Fluid Inclusion Data from the Tumanpınarı Volcanic Rock-Hosted Fe-Mn-Ba Deposit, Balıkesir-Dursunbey, Turkey. Minerals 2016, 6, 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/min6040120
Gultekin AH, Balci N. Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Fluid Inclusion Data from the Tumanpınarı Volcanic Rock-Hosted Fe-Mn-Ba Deposit, Balıkesir-Dursunbey, Turkey. Minerals. 2016; 6(4):120. https://doi.org/10.3390/min6040120
Chicago/Turabian StyleGultekin, Ali Haydar, and Nurgul Balci. 2016. "Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Fluid Inclusion Data from the Tumanpınarı Volcanic Rock-Hosted Fe-Mn-Ba Deposit, Balıkesir-Dursunbey, Turkey" Minerals 6, no. 4: 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/min6040120