Geochemical Insights into the Cambrian Wulongqing Formation, Yangtze Plate: Tracing Provenance and Paleoweathering
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geologic Background
3. Material and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Sandstone Composition
4.2. Major Elements
4.3. Trace Elements
4.4. Rare Earth Elements
5. Discussion
5.1. Provenance
5.2. Paleoweathering
5.3. Implications for Paleoenvironment Reconstruction
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Point Counting Results | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample No. | Qt | Qm | Qp | F | Pl | K | Lt | L | Ls | Lm | Total |
FZQ-3 | 426 | 423 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 57 | 54 | 51 | 3 | 487 |
LBS-1 | 452 | 449 | 3 | 11 | 2 | 9 | 39 | 36 | 31 | 5 | 499 |
LBS-2 | 402 | 398 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 17 | 13 | 8 | 5 | 418 |
XES-2 | 510 | 510 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 20 | 61 | 61 | 56 | 5 | 591 |
XES-5 | 265 | 263 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 149 | 147 | 147 | 0 | 412 |
Recalculated modal data (%) | |||||||||||
Sample No. | Qt | Qm | Qp | F | Pl | K | Lt | L | Ls | Lm | Total |
FZQ-3 | 87 | 87 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 1 | 100 |
LBS-1 | 91 | 90 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 1 | 100 |
LBS-2 | 96 | 95 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 100 |
XES-2 | 86 | 86 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 1 | 100 |
XES-5 | 64 | 64 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 100 |
Sample No. | SiO2 | TiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3T | MnO | MgO | CaO | Na2O | K2O | P2O5 | CIA | CIW | PIA | CIACorr |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FZQ-1 | 59.66 | 0.8 | 12.22 | 4.28 | 0.09 | 2.58 | 6.46 | 1.69 | 3.65 | 0.38 | 56.23 | 68.73 | 59.79 | 61.18 |
FZQ-2 | 60.62 | 0.8 | 13.14 | 4.12 | 0.09 | 2.15 | 5.56 | 1.72 | 4.28 | 2.31 | 56.08 | 69.90 | 60.05 | 62.22 |
FZQ-4 | 56.56 | 0.72 | 17.09 | 6.34 | 0.05 | 3.44 | 2.79 | 0.64 | 4.05 | 0.22 | 72.48 | 89.03 | 85.78 | 79.25 |
LBS-3 | 58.81 | 0.83 | 20.16 | 6.09 | <0.01 | 1.86 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 5.59 | 0.13 | 75.92 | 98.33 | 97.63 | 87.52 |
LBS-4 | 56.71 | 0.83 | 20.96 | 6.43 | <0.01 | 2.08 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 6.14 | 0.13 | 75.00 | 98.40 | 97.67 | 87.59 |
LBS-5 | 79.78 | 0.63 | 7.11 | 6.05 | 0.03 | 0.56 | 0.05 | 0.18 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 68.95 | 94.84 | 91.74 | 84.42 |
LBS-6 | 70.84 | 0.65 | 12.95 | 4.57 | 0.01 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.12 | 5.42 | 0.1 | 67.46 | 97.15 | 94.92 | 86.48 |
LBS-7 | 64.46 | 0.83 | 16.89 | 5.18 | 0.01 | 1.48 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 6.13 | 0.1 | 70.73 | 97.94 | 96.65 | 87.17 |
LBS-8 | 67.38 | 0.76 | 15.06 | 5.09 | 0.02 | 1.31 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 5.76 | 0.12 | 69.67 | 97.91 | 96.49 | 87.15 |
TJX-1 | 66.72 | 0.88 | 14.35 | 5.37 | 0.04 | 2.66 | 0.51 | 2.81 | 3.05 | 0.22 | 61.85 | 72.11 | 66.56 | 64.19 |
TJX-2 | 60.04 | 0.78 | 14.39 | 5.31 | 0.12 | 3.72 | 3.42 | 0.84 | 4.24 | 0.23 | 66.18 | 83.89 | 78.00 | 74.67 |
TJX-3 | 60.71 | 0.88 | 16.5 | 7.66 | 0.02 | 2.63 | 0.96 | 0.64 | 5.33 | 0.28 | 67.69 | 88.68 | 83.60 | 78.94 |
WLC-1 | 31.86 | 0.26 | 3.09 | 2.03 | 0.09 | 11.74 | 19.65 | 0.08 | 1.51 | 1.77 | 61.95 | 92.15 | 84.69 | 82.02 |
WLC-2 | 59.31 | 0.78 | 18.7 | 6.28 | 0.03 | 3.61 | 0.24 | 0.12 | 5.97 | 0.12 | 72.49 | 96.72 | 95.08 | 86.09 |
WLC-4 | 60.13 | 0.78 | 18.3 | 6.26 | 0.02 | 3.63 | 0.28 | 0.13 | 6.01 | 0.1 | 72.52 | 97.72 | 96.50 | 86.98 |
WLC-5 | 59.9 | 0.77 | 18.35 | 6.29 | 0.03 | 3.46 | 0.2 | 0.14 | 5.96 | 0.1 | 72.26 | 96.86 | 95.25 | 86.22 |
XES-1 | 58.15 | 0.8 | 19.79 | 6.1 | 0.02 | 3 | 0.24 | 0.11 | 6.15 | 0.14 | 73.12 | 96.98 | 95.51 | 86.32 |
XES-2 | 72.16 | 0.84 | 12.07 | 3.91 | 0.05 | 1.74 | 0.51 | 0.12 | 4.81 | 0.37 | 65.59 | 91.48 | 85.92 | 81.42 |
XES-3 | 65.6 | 0.73 | 15.69 | 5.36 | 0.03 | 2.43 | 0.28 | 0.13 | 5.53 | 0.18 | 70.05 | 95.60 | 93.07 | 85.09 |
XES-4 | 59.22 | 0.75 | 18.48 | 6.12 | 0.03 | 3.44 | 0.26 | 0.1 | 6.95 | 0.16 | 69.37 | 96.67 | 94.50 | 86.04 |
XES-5 | 66.83 | 0.66 | 12.22 | 3.06 | 0.02 | 3.23 | 2.07 | 0.13 | 6.59 | 0.21 | 61.78 | 96.62 | 92.24 | 86.00 |
XES-6 | 51.55 | 0.69 | 15.59 | 10.39 | 0.03 | 4.58 | 2.58 | 0.11 | 6.09 | 0.13 | 69.15 | 97.73 | 96.13 | 86.99 |
SiO2 | TiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3T | MnO | MgO | CaO | Na2O | K2O | P2O5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | 1.00 | −0.32 | −0.37 | −0.38 | −0.34 | −0.86 | −0.66 | −0.09 | −0.27 | −0.43 |
TiO2 | −0.32 | 1.00 | 0.84 | 0.65 | −0.07 | −0.13 | −0.33 | 0.36 | 0.67 | −0.12 |
Al2O3 | −0.37 | 0.84 | 1.00 | 0.73 | −0.28 | −0.06 | −0.43 | 0.06 | 0.85 | −0.29 |
Fe2O3T | −0.38 | 0.65 | 0.73 | 1.00 | −0.26 | 0.03 | −0.31 | 0.01 | 0.58 | −0.30 |
MnO | −0.34 | −0.07 | −0.28 | −0.26 | 1.00 | 0.40 | 0.64 | 0.45 | −0.44 | 0.59 |
MgO | −0.86 | −0.13 | −0.06 | 0.03 | 0.40 | 1.00 | 0.84 | −0.05 | −0.08 | 0.48 |
CaO | −0.66 | −0.33 | −0.43 | −0.31 | 0.64 | 0.84 | 1.00 | 0.12 | −0.43 | 0.73 |
Na2O | −0.09 | 0.36 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.45 | −0.05 | 0.12 | 1.00 | −0.26 | 0.31 |
K2O | −0.27 | 0.67 | 0.85 | 0.58 | −0.44 | −0.08 | −0.43 | −0.26 | 1.00 | −0.31 |
P2O5 | −0.43 | −0.12 | −0.29 | −0.30 | 0.59 | 0.48 | 0.73 | 0.31 | −0.31 | 1.00 |
Sample No. | FZQ-4 | LBS-3 | LBS-4 | LBS-5 | LBS-6 | LBS-7 | LBS-8 | TJX-1 | TJX-2 | TJX-3 | WLC-2 | WLC-4 | WLC-5 | WES-1 | WES-3 | WES-4 | WES-5 | WES-6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Li | 47.5 | 41.37 | 45.04 | 36.84 | 77.63 | 40.71 | 41.02 | 51.8 | 30.6 | 22.9 | 68.4 | 58.2 | 58.2 | 52.9 | 53.8 | 83.5 | 54.5 | 103 |
Be | 5.02 | 5.33 | 5.74 | 2.61 | 2.43 | 3.39 | 3.74 | 2.99 | 2.75 | 4.27 | 5.07 | 5.23 | 4.99 | 6.17 | 4.45 | 5.31 | 2.57 | 5 |
Sc | 14.8 | 19.97 | 20.81 | 9.25 | 10.69 | 15.78 | 13.75 | 15.4 | 15.7 | 18.3 | 18.4 | 18.2 | 18.1 | 18.5 | 14.2 | 16.7 | 9.96 | 14.6 |
V | 349 | 120.34 | 128.44 | 49.61 | 67.63 | 98.59 | 83.37 | 109 | 176 | 265 | 124 | 115 | 99.8 | 76.4 | 90.1 | 124 | 72.3 | 110 |
Cr | 98.6 | 99.84 | 104.36 | 39.78 | 57.91 | 83.24 | 71.28 | 95.8 | 93.6 | 123 | 107 | 95.9 | 105 | 61.5 | 78.2 | 109 | 49.6 | 88.2 |
Co | 20.3 | 4.96 | 5.39 | 51.2 | 15.73 | 16.18 | 18.95 | 26.9 | 33 | 18.2 | 22.3 | 21.2 | 22.3 | 24 | 21.7 | 25.1 | 25.5 | 39.7 |
Ni | 80.4 | 32.14 | 39.24 | 22.17 | 44.4 | 33.05 | 32.51 | 36.1 | 43.1 | 46.2 | 47.8 | 50.9 | 46.2 | 48.8 | 38.5 | 50.7 | 27.7 | 46.7 |
Cu | 54.3 | 29.88 | 29.56 | 19.53 | 19.2 | 8.53 | 9.38 | 25.6 | 12.3 | 7.86 | 12.4 | 25.6 | 11.8 | 14.3 | 48 | 21.4 | 13.4 | 47.4 |
Zn | 103 | 72.75 | 88.33 | 49.68 | 69.34 | 62.68 | 68.13 | 164 | 94.2 | 87.1 | 88.2 | 86.5 | 85.1 | 93.6 | 82.5 | 90.2 | 62.8 | 90.7 |
Ga | 22.6 | 27.6 | 29.69 | 9.77 | 15.7 | 23.55 | 20.06 | 18.7 | 19.4 | 25.6 | 30.8 | 26.2 | 29.7 | 28.9 | 22 | 30.2 | 16.7 | 22.9 |
Rb | 141 | 199.82 | 210.92 | 77.07 | 144.13 | 194.69 | 174.59 | 92 | 122 | 174 | 215 | 203 | 210 | 209 | 167 | 200 | 121 | 166 |
Sr | 62.3 | 122.91 | 133.89 | 37.31 | 57.86 | 98.96 | 75.92 | 76 | 40.4 | 48.1 | 55.9 | 51.6 | 49.6 | 90 | 59 | 40.3 | 43.1 | 39.6 |
Y | 47.3 | 45.83 | 50.04 | 25.76 | 33.53 | 38.62 | 38.66 | 25.5 | 37.1 | 39.1 | 36.6 | 40.5 | 39.7 | 39.4 | 37.5 | 39.7 | 29.2 | 29.4 |
Sb | 1.69 | 2.41 | 2.41 | 1.63 | 1.85 | 2.28 | 2.16 | 1.78 | 1.42 | 4.07 | 0.62 | 0.61 | 0.57 | 1.08 | 0.44 | 0.39 | 0.17 | 0.52 |
Cs | 9.13 | 11.53 | 10.87 | 3.55 | 5.23 | 8.72 | 8.1 | 3.42 | 7.12 | 6.98 | 13.1 | 11.1 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 7.47 | 10 | 4.62 | 12.5 |
Ba | 536 | 503.56 | 559.71 | 263.69 | 527.98 | 565.93 | 556.59 | 1761 | 708 | 1268 | 506 | 525 | 444 | 503 | 446 | 510 | 436 | 458 |
La | 41.9 | 58.52 | 63.88 | 24.37 | 31.62 | 48.36 | 41.16 | 35.1 | 37.7 | 44.3 | 68.7 | 56.2 | 54.2 | 67.3 | 52.2 | 54.8 | 38.5 | 48.1 |
Ce | 73.3 | 122.46 | 130.31 | 50.68 | 63.76 | 99.48 | 85.08 | 58.7 | 58.7 | 78.8 | 134 | 95.3 | 101 | 133 | 99.9 | 92.8 | 77.2 | 89.8 |
Pr | 10.4 | 14.67 | 15.63 | 5.78 | 7.39 | 10.98 | 9.95 | 8.19 | 8.8 | 10.1 | 14 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 16.2 | 11.4 | 12.3 | 9.6 | 10.4 |
Nd | 37.9 | 52.45 | 56.05 | 22.7 | 28.35 | 41.15 | 39.5 | 30 | 30.5 | 35.5 | 53.1 | 42 | 43.7 | 60.4 | 42.1 | 43.8 | 34.8 | 36.2 |
Sm | 8.53 | 8.89 | 9.98 | 4.8 | 5.52 | 7.58 | 8.67 | 5.02 | 5.57 | 6.37 | 7 | 6.13 | 6.84 | 8.17 | 5.91 | 8.5 | 6.67 | 6.14 |
Eu | 1.58 | 1.64 | 1.91 | 1 | 1.12 | 1.43 | 1.71 | 1.43 | 1.28 | 1.72 | 1.23 | 1.07 | 1.22 | 1.45 | 1.26 | 1.42 | 1.21 | 1.08 |
Gd | 7.11 | 7.94 | 9.35 | 4.7 | 5.56 | 6.73 | 7.74 | 5.28 | 5.38 | 6.16 | 6.87 | 6.19 | 6.08 | 7.28 | 5.79 | 7.3 | 5.54 | 5.87 |
Tb | 1.31 | 1.24 | 1.43 | 0.78 | 0.93 | 1.1 | 1.19 | 0.87 | 1 | 1.21 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.04 | 1.11 | 1.04 | 1.27 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
Dy | 6.82 | 7.79 | 8.72 | 4.78 | 5.81 | 6.81 | 7.02 | 4.31 | 5.98 | 5.97 | 5.87 | 6.1 | 5.3 | 6.13 | 5.86 | 5.66 | 5.27 | 5.01 |
Ho | 1.46 | 1.59 | 1.76 | 0.96 | 1.18 | 1.38 | 1.39 | 0.93 | 1.27 | 1.4 | 1.16 | 1.06 | 1.08 | 1.11 | 1.2 | 1.19 | 1.06 | 1.02 |
Er | 3.49 | 4.66 | 5.03 | 2.82 | 3.43 | 4.05 | 4 | 2.45 | 3.23 | 3.67 | 3.89 | 3.67 | 3.5 | 3.67 | 3.69 | 3.42 | 3.03 | 2.88 |
Tm | 0.55 | 0.69 | 0.73 | 0.42 | 0.51 | 0.61 | 0.6 | 0.34 | 0.49 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.45 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.52 | 0.51 | 0.39 | 0.44 |
Yb | 3.78 | 4.21 | 4.54 | 2.7 | 3.13 | 3.82 | 3.73 | 2.47 | 3.37 | 3.83 | 4.12 | 3.49 | 3.75 | 4.04 | 3.27 | 3.5 | 2.75 | 2.92 |
Lu | 0.55 | 0.64 | 0.68 | 0.4 | 0.48 | 0.58 | 0.57 | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.57 | 0.5 | 0.48 | 0.43 | 0.45 |
Pb | 34.6 | 9.11 | 9.65 | 14.84 | 7.71 | 8.96 | 8.71 | 24.4 | 3.25 | 7.81 | 5.11 | 5.19 | 5.36 | 6.05 | 5.56 | 5.72 | 5.68 | 21.7 |
Th | 13 | 23.83 | 24.4 | 12.95 | 14.86 | 21.24 | 16.83 | 9.82 | 8.25 | 9.87 | 17.2 | 14.6 | 14.7 | 17.7 | 11.5 | 16.9 | 14.4 | 16.9 |
U | 8.45 | 3.25 | 3.33 | 2.77 | 2.37 | 3.1 | 2.61 | 1.98 | 2.96 | 5.64 | 2.8 | 2.38 | 2.56 | 2.64 | 1.97 | 2.33 | 2.16 | 2.23 |
Nb | 13.9 | 18.92 | 19.38 | 11.09 | 14.57 | 19.18 | 17.86 | 13.6 | 14.7 | 17.9 | 22.8 | 19.7 | 21.2 | 20 | 16.4 | 20.7 | 17.7 | 18.1 |
Ta | 1.01 | 1.52 | 1.54 | 1.04 | 1.2 | 1.52 | 1.41 | 1 | 1 | 1.29 | 1.56 | 1.38 | 1.36 | 1.27 | 1.21 | 1.45 | 1.21 | 1.34 |
Zr | 150 | 178.71 | 168.73 | 227.61 | 209.28 | 268.45 | 242.25 | 95.2 | 123 | 167 | 189 | 181 | 169 | 174 | 134 | 164 | 160 | 148 |
Hf | 3.93 | 5.12 | 4.79 | 6.25 | 5.88 | 7.44 | 6.7 | 2.62 | 3.28 | 4.24 | 4.59 | 4.1 | 3.72 | 5.94 | 3.36 | 3.4 | 3.67 | 3.48 |
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Fang, Z.; Li, H.; Cao, Q.; Hao, B.; Du, J.; Lai, Y.; Peng, X.; Guo, L. Geochemical Insights into the Cambrian Wulongqing Formation, Yangtze Plate: Tracing Provenance and Paleoweathering. Minerals 2025, 15, 389. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15040389
Fang Z, Li H, Cao Q, Hao B, Du J, Lai Y, Peng X, Guo L. Geochemical Insights into the Cambrian Wulongqing Formation, Yangtze Plate: Tracing Provenance and Paleoweathering. Minerals. 2025; 15(4):389. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15040389
Chicago/Turabian StyleFang, Zexin, Hao Li, Qingyun Cao, Bofei Hao, Jing Du, Yating Lai, Xiaoxia Peng, and Ling Guo. 2025. "Geochemical Insights into the Cambrian Wulongqing Formation, Yangtze Plate: Tracing Provenance and Paleoweathering" Minerals 15, no. 4: 389. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15040389
APA StyleFang, Z., Li, H., Cao, Q., Hao, B., Du, J., Lai, Y., Peng, X., & Guo, L. (2025). Geochemical Insights into the Cambrian Wulongqing Formation, Yangtze Plate: Tracing Provenance and Paleoweathering. Minerals, 15(4), 389. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15040389