Depositional Environment and Hydrocarbon Distribution in the Silurian–Devonian Black Shales of Western Peninsular Malaysia Using Spectroscopic Characterization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sampling
3.2. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
3.3. Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis)
3.4. Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
4. Results
4.1. Hydrocarbon Functional Groups
4.2. Distribution of E4 and E6
4.3. Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
5. Discussion
5.1. Hydrocarbon Functional Groups Distribution
5.2. Relationship of TOC with Functional Groups
5.3. Hydrocarbon Compound Characterization Using E4/E6
5.4. Depositional Environment of Organic Matter
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samples | Aromatic Hydrocarbon | Aliphatic Hydrocarbon 700–600 C–H Bending Absorbance | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1600–1430 C=C Stretching Absorbance | 900–690 Out of Plane C-H Bending Absorbance | 1275–1000 In-Plane C–H Bending Absorbance | ||
KR1-2 | 0.903 | 1.761 | 2.18 | 1.2 |
KR1-3 | N.A | 1.105 | 1.361 | 0.72 |
KR1-4 | 0.806 | 1.57 | 2.602 | 1.064 |
KR1-5 | 0.708 | 1.416 | 2.443 | 0.943 |
KR1-6 | 0.734 | 1.408 | 1.804 | 0.932 |
KR1-7 | 0.745 | 1.279 | 1.838 | 0.929 |
KR1-8 | 0.712 | 1.167 | 1.494 | 0.89 |
KR1-9 | 0.531 | 0.749 | 1.224 | 0.627 |
KR1-10 | 0.97 | 1.503 | 2.267 | 1.14 |
KR1-11 | 0.845 | 1.381 | 2.04 | 1.342 |
KR1-12 | 0.63 | 1.173 | 1.928 | 0.815 |
KR2-2 | 0.534 | 0.73 | 0.887 | 0.604 |
KR2-3 | 1.019 | 1.505 | 2.148 | 1.224 |
KR2-4 | 0.737 | 1.038 | 1.518 | 0.846 |
KR2-6 | 0.981 | 1.344 | 2.113 | 1.151 |
KR2-8 | 0.599 | 0.809 | 0.974 | 0.685 |
KR2-9 | 0.823 | 1.077 | 1.602 | 0.92 |
KR2-12 | 0.63 | 0.868 | 1.257 | 0.698 |
KR2-14 | 0.615 | 0.724 | 1.049 | 0.648 |
KR3-1 | N.A | 0.436 | 0.529 | 0.44 |
KR3-3 | 0.453 | 0.617 | 0.793 | 0.485 |
KR3-4 | 0.619 | 0.927 | 1.129 | 0.661 |
KR3-5 | N.A | 0.413 | 0.573 | 0.381 |
KR3-6 | 0.757 | 1.163 | 1.284 | 0.827 |
KR3-7 | 0.613 | 0.849 | 1.086 | 0.668 |
KR3-8 | N.A | 0.895 | 1.03 | 0.767 |
KR3-10 | N.A | 0.646 | 0.806 | 0.535 |
KR3-13 | N.A | 1.328 | 1.328 | 0.94 |
KR4-1 | 0.834 | 1.661 | 3 | 1.008 |
KR4-2 | 0.63 | 1.244 | 1.552 | 0.748 |
KR4-3 | N.A | 0.591 | 0.967 | 0.44 |
KR4-4 | 1.023 | 1.974 | 2.698 | 1.27 |
KR4-5 | 0.633 | 1.036 | 1.636 | 0.72 |
KR4-6 | 0.689 | 1.29 | 1.578 | 0.816 |
KR4-7 | 0.61 | 0.98 | 1.651 | 0.689 |
KR4-8 | 0.707 | 1.346 | 1.673 | 0.84 |
KR5-1 | N.A | 0.395 | 0.643 | 0.318 |
KR5-2 | 0.676 | 1.29 | 1.829 | 0.877 |
KR6-1 | 0.927 | 1.251 | 2.92 | 1.232 |
KR6-2 | N.A | 1.021 | 2.031 | 1.086 |
KR6-3 | 0.602 | 1.014 | 1.74 | 0.784 |
KR6-4 | 0.579 | 1.019 | 1.744 | 0.745 |
KR6-5 | 0.667 | 1.211 | 2.113 | 0.831 |
KR6-6 | 0.431 | 0.703 | 2.055 | 0.568 |
KR6-8 | 0.488 | 0.769 | 1.524 | 0.611 |
KR6-9 | 0.683 | 1.181 | 1.982 | 0.925 |
KR6-10 | 0.97 | 1.503 | 2.267 | 1.14 |
KR6-11 | 1.059 | 1.521 | 2.585 | 1.317 |
KR6-12 | 0.732 | 1.175 | 2.455 | 1.395 |
KR6-13 | N.A | 0.341 | 1.511 | 0.617 |
KR6-14 | 0.591 | 0.698 | 1.61 | 0.856 |
KR6-15 | 0.556 | 0.665 | 1.69 | 0.801 |
KR6-18 | 1.094 | 1.709 | 2.148 | 1.384 |
KR6-19 | N.A | 1.267 | 2.187 | 1.385 |
KR6-20 | N.A | 1.038 | 1.928 | 1.174 |
KR7-1 | 1.098 | 1.95 | 2.455 | 1.395 |
Formation | Age | TOC (wt.%) | Average TOC (wt.%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Longmaxi, China | Lower Silurian | 0.44–4 | 2.32 | [33] |
Niutitang, China | Lower Cambrian | 0.39–10.2 | 5.26 | [33] |
Muskwa, Besa & Fort Simpson, Canada | Devonian– Mississippian | 0.18–4.72 | 1.39 | [34] |
Barnett shale, USA | Mississippian | 2.62–11.47 | 4.66 | [35] |
Gufeng, China | Lower Permian | 0.04–22.1 | 3.4 | [36] |
Montney, Canada | Lower Triassic | 0.03–8.2 | 2.64 | [37] |
Baling and Bendang Riang, Malaysia | Silurian–Devonian | 0.73–24.6 | 6.71 | [38] |
Kubang Pasu, Malaysia | Lower Permian | 1.01–19.65 | 5.74 | [38] |
Duwi Formation, El Sebaiya, Egypt | Late Campanian–early Maastrichtian | 0.21–2.77 | 1.4 | [39] |
Kroh shale, Malaysia | Silurian–Devonian | 0.13–8.56 | 1.71 | Current study |
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Shoieb, M.A.; Gebretsadik, H.T.; Ibad, S.M.; Rahmani, O. Depositional Environment and Hydrocarbon Distribution in the Silurian–Devonian Black Shales of Western Peninsular Malaysia Using Spectroscopic Characterization. Minerals 2022, 12, 1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12121501
Shoieb MA, Gebretsadik HT, Ibad SM, Rahmani O. Depositional Environment and Hydrocarbon Distribution in the Silurian–Devonian Black Shales of Western Peninsular Malaysia Using Spectroscopic Characterization. Minerals. 2022; 12(12):1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12121501
Chicago/Turabian StyleShoieb, Monera Adam, Haylay Tsegab Gebretsadik, Syed Muhammad Ibad, and Omeid Rahmani. 2022. "Depositional Environment and Hydrocarbon Distribution in the Silurian–Devonian Black Shales of Western Peninsular Malaysia Using Spectroscopic Characterization" Minerals 12, no. 12: 1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12121501