Fractions of Ni, Pb, Cr, and Their Impact on Enzyme Activities of Arable Land Cultivated by the Simplified Method
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection of Soil Samples
2.2. Physicochemical Analysis
2.3. Enzyme Activities
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physicochemical Properties of Studied Soils
3.2. Total Metal Content and Fractions
3.3. Impact of Metal Fractions on Enzyme Activities
4. Discussion
4.1. Distribution of Heavy Metals in Chemical Fractions
4.2. Correlations between Soil Characteristics and Heavy Metal Fractions
4.3. Effect of Heavy Metal Fractions on Soil Enzyme Activities
4.4. Impact of Sampling Date on Enzyme Activities and Fractional Composition of Heavy Metals
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Month | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |
Rainfall Summary, mm | 64.2 | 18.9 | 52.0 | 36.1 | 49.3 | 32.6 | 70.1 | 12.9 | 84.1 | 14.9 | 118.4 | 54.5 |
Average Temperature, °C | − 0.7 | − 1.0 | 4.2 | 6.8 | 11.3 | 15.4 | 17.6 | 20.3 | 14.0 | 6.1 | 4.2 | 2.6 |
Sampling Site | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | |
Protease mg azo-casein g−1·h−1 | 24.26 ± 2.07 | 22.27 ± 1.91 | 21.04 ± 2.05 | 24.27 ± 0.72 | 22.40 ± 1.64 | 21.08 ± 1.91 | 26.68 ± 5.56 | 22.43 ± 1.55 | 24.39 ± 1.78 |
Phosphatase mM pNP g−1·h−1 | 0.89 ± 0.24 | 1.66 ± 0.17 | 0.96 ± 0.29 | 0.93 ± 0.21 | 1.66 ± 0.88 | 0.72 ± 0.27 | 1.41 ± 0.80 | 1.07 ± 0.61 | 0.38 ± 0.05 |
Dehydrogenase μg TPF g−1 DM 24h−1 | 0.11 ± 0.05 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.12 | 0.34 ± 0.18 | 0.23 ± 0.14 | 0.18 ± 0.11 | 0.19 ± 0.15 | 0.16 ± 0.15 | 0.04 ± 0.02 |
Urease µgN g−1 DM h−1 | 7.36 ± 0.83 | 8.43 ± 0.41 | 6.38 ± 0.92 | 5.09 ± 1.28 | 5.65 ± 0.52 | 6.61 ± 1.76 | 7.43 ± 1.23 | 6.40 ± 0.68 | 6.18 ± 1.12 |
pH | 6.5 ± 0.3 | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 6.5 ± 0.9 | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 5.2 ± 0.9 | 5.7 ± 0.1 | 5.9 ± 1.2 | 5.1 ± 1.8 |
Organic C, % | 1.87 ± 1.68 | 2.05 ± 0.35 | 2.02 ± 0.21 | 2.37 ± 1.52 | 2.25 ± 0.30 | 1.19 ± 0.33 | 3.36 ± 2.68 | 1.48 ± 0.35 | 1.12 ± 0.27 |
N, % | 0.31 ± 0.02 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.27 ± 0.03 | 0.32 ± 0.13 | 0.31 ± 0.15 | 0.22 ± 0.05 | 0.23 ± 0.04 | 0.28 ± 0.07 | 0.21 ± 0.02 |
Sand, % | 20.9 ± 14.5 | 21.9 ± 1.1 | 22.4 ± 6.6 | 27.2 ± 9.1 | 23.4 ± 0.7 | 39.0 ± 11.6 | 22.1 ± 1.8 | 36.2 ± 24.2 | 56.1 ± 8.3 |
Silt, % | 25.0 ± 9.0 | 15.6 ± 4.9 | 24.6 ± 4.7 | 29.9 ± 1.9 | 22.7 ± 5.2 | 32.0 ± 4.6 | 30.1 ± 3.9 | 31.5 ± 2.4 | 16.5 ± 1.3 |
Clay, % | 27.6 ± 4.1 | 27.4 ± 2.0 | 30.7 ± 5.2 | 7.6 ± 0.9 | 31.4 ± 3.5 | 8.2 ± 1.5 | 29.6 ± 3.8 | 7.3 ± 2.1 | 8.3 ± 1.4 |
Ni, mg kg−1 | 13.0 ± 6.2 | 21.9 ± 2.2 | 17.1 ± 4.0 | 9.5 ± 2.6 | 13.0 ± 7.7 | 10.2 ± 6.0 | 10.5 ± 3.7 | 8.1 ± 3.1 | 10.3 ± 9.4 |
Pb, mg kg−1 | 11.7 ± 4.7 | 16.6 ± 2.0 | 13.8 ± 2.5 | 12.2 ± 5.2 | 15.8 ± 9.2 | 10.1 ± 1.8 | 13.8 ± 6.0 | 11.0 ± 0.4 | 7.1 ± 1.9 |
Cr, mg kg−1 | 28.8 ± 13.7 | 45.6 ± 3.8 | 35.3 ± 10.0 | 22.0 ± 5.7 | 27.8 ± 13.1 | 24.9 ± 14.4 | 19.1 ± 3.5 | 21.5 ± 2.9 | 12.6 ± 3.1 |
pH | Organic C | N | Sand | Silt | Clay | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protease | 0.253 | 0.139 | 0.001 | −0.124 | 0.047 | −0.030 |
Phosphatase | −0.204 | 0.035 | −0.044 | −0.306 | −0.149 | 0.200 |
Dehydrogenase | −0.240 | −0.299 | 0.290 | −0.061 | 0.038 | −0.154 |
Urease | 0.070 | 0.022 | −0.283 | −0.341 | −0.168 | 0.266 |
Ni | Pb | Cr | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | |
pH | 0.080 | 0.037 | −0.070 | −0.022 | 0.326 | −0.135 | 0.002 | −0.142 | −0.115 | −0.266 | 0.120 | −0.149 |
Organic C | 0.299 | 0.099 | 0.054 | −0.277 | 0.293 | −0.264 | 0.117 | −0.328 | −0.009 | 0.197 | 0.524 * | −0.301 |
Sand | 0.667 * | −0.050 | 0.082 | −0.209 | 0.628 * | −0.312 | −0.184 | −0.254 | 0.398 * | 0.244 | 0.224 | −0.499 * |
Silt | 0.271 | 0.312 | 0.331 | −0.079 | 0.184 | 0.249 | −0.121 | −0.482 * | 0.100 | 0.276 | 0.129 | −0.390 * |
Clay | −0.497 * | −0.282 | −0.124 | 0.209 | −0.487 * | 0.228 | −0.098 | 0.044 | −0.352 | −0.272 | −0.177 | 0.298 |
Ni | Pb | Cr | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil Sampling in April | ||||||||||||
F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | |
pH | −0.420 | −0.289 | −0.201 | −0.096 | −0.291 | −0.394 | 0.124 | −0.100 | −0.237 | −0.261 | −0.278 | 0.037 |
Organic C | −0.177 | −0.001 | 0.297 | −0.806 * | −0.091 | −0.043 | 0.832 * | −0.640 | 0.330 | 0.292 | 0.783 * | −0.261 |
Protease | −0.291 | −0.263 | 0.103 | 0.058 | −0.325 | −0.101 | −0.011 | −0.171 | −0.107 | −0.137 | −0.093 | 0.002 |
Phosphatase | −0.033 | 0.087 | −0.050 | −0.650 | −0.047 | 0.047 | 0.491 | −0.505 | 0.354 | 0.181 | 0.508 | −0.379 |
Dehydrogenase | 0.806 * | 0.441 | 0.527 | 0.130 | 0.570 | 0.742 * | −0.416 | −0.008 | 0.464 | 0.595 | 0.166 | −0.473 |
Urease | −0.641 | −0.165 | −0.057 | 0.124 | −0.235 | −0.843 * | 0.419 | 0.234 | −0.271 | −0.356 | −0.134 | 0.438 |
Soil Sampling in July | ||||||||||||
pH | 0.611 | 0.515 | 0.177 | −0.305 | 0.600 | 0.206 | 0.453 | 0.275 | 0.521 | 0.214 | 0.448 | −0.139 |
Organic C | −0.498 | −0.330 | −0.478 | −0.331 | 0.220 | −0.501 | 0.558 | −0.191 | 0.628 | −0.263 | 0.405 | −0.003 |
Protease | 0.637 | 0.653 | 0.263 | −0.360 | 0.490 | 0.260 | 0.210 | 0.266 | 0.218 | 0.121 | 0.182 | −0.024 |
Phosphatase | −0.688 * | −0.378 | −0.602 | −0.284 | 0.355 | −0.387 | 0.316 | −0.310 | 0.422 | −0.435 | 0.258 | −0.201 |
Dehydrogenase | 0.564 | 0.532 | 0.346 | −0.094 | 0.040 | 0.146 | −0.007 | 0.080 | 0.195 | 0.057 | −0.083 | 0.015 |
Urease | −0.202 | −0.427 | 0.290 | 0.707 * | −0.262 | 0.324 | −0.374 | −0.453 | −0.462 | −0.053 | −0.093 | −0.574 |
Soil Sampling in October | ||||||||||||
pH | 0.047 | 0.113 | −0.107 | −0.022 | 0.433 | −0.056 | −0.087 | 0.118 | −0.502 | −0.543 | −0.116 | −0.195 |
Organic C | 0.342 | 0.247 | −0.101 | −0.191 | 0.517 | −0.238 | 0.038 | −0.098 | −0.324 | 0.142 | 0.545 | −0.348 |
Protease | 0.003 | 0.022 | −0.152 | 0.366 | 0.417 | −0.038 | −0.120 | 0.567 | −0.183 | 0.036 | 0.261 | 0.146 |
Phosphatase | −0.731 * | 0.058 | −0.423 | 0.242 | −0.702 * | 0.207 | −0.233 | 0.134 | −0.464 | −0.632 | −0.473 | 0.708 * |
Dehydrogenase | −0.356 | −0.248 | 0.392 | −0.772 * | −0.266 | 0.544 | 0.518 | −0.241 | −0.279 | −0.291 | 0.053 | −0.382 |
Urease | −0.437 | −0.118 | −0.360 | −0.471 | −0.089 | 0.522 | 0.029 | 0.282 | −0.497 | −0.622 | −0.282 | 0.103 |
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Łukowski, A.; Dec, D. Fractions of Ni, Pb, Cr, and Their Impact on Enzyme Activities of Arable Land Cultivated by the Simplified Method. Minerals 2021, 11, 584. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11060584
Łukowski A, Dec D. Fractions of Ni, Pb, Cr, and Their Impact on Enzyme Activities of Arable Land Cultivated by the Simplified Method. Minerals. 2021; 11(6):584. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11060584
Chicago/Turabian StyleŁukowski, Adam, and Dorota Dec. 2021. "Fractions of Ni, Pb, Cr, and Their Impact on Enzyme Activities of Arable Land Cultivated by the Simplified Method" Minerals 11, no. 6: 584. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11060584